{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T22:10:13Z","timestamp":1790115013453,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":131,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,29]],"date-time":"2022-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669680000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pain is the predominant symptom of many clinical diseases and is frequently associated with neurological and musculoskeletal problems. Chronic pain is frequent in the elderly, causing suffering, disability, social isolation, and increased healthcare expenses. Chronic pain medication is often ineffective and has many side effects. Nonsteroidal over-the-counter and prescription drugs are frequently recommended as first-line therapies for pain control; however, long-term safety issues must not be neglected. Herbs and nutritional supplements may be a safer and more effective alternative to nonsteroidal pharmaceuticals for pain management, especially when used long-term. Recently, topical analgesic therapies have gained attention as an innovative approach due to their sufficient efficacy and comparatively fewer systemic side effects and drug\u2013drug interactions. In this paper, we overview the main natural herbal pain relievers, their efficacy and safety, and their potential use as topical agents for pain control. Although herbal-derived medications are not appropriate for providing quick relief for acute pain problems, they could be used as potent alternative remedies in managing chronic persistent pain with minimal side effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14122648","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]],"date-time":"2022-11-30T04:05:24Z","timestamp":1669781124000},"page":"2648","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Natural Herbal Non-Opioid Topical Pain Relievers\u2014Comparison with Traditional Therapy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3399-2849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dalia M.","family":"Kopustinskiene","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu pr. 13, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Urte","family":"Bernatonyte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu pr. 13, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuliia","family":"Maslii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Technology and Social Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu pr. 13, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania"},{"name":"Department of Industrial Technology of Drugs, National University of Pharmacy, 61002 Kharkiv, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nataliia","family":"Herbina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Technology and Social Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu pr. 13, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania"},{"name":"Department of Industrial Technology of Drugs, National University of Pharmacy, 61002 Kharkiv, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1744-2932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jurga","family":"Bernatoniene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu pr. 13, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania"},{"name":"Department of Drug Technology and Social Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu pr. 13, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2009.09.028","article-title":"Cellular and molecular mechanisms of pain","volume":"139","author":"Basbaum","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1080\/14728222.2018.1420781","article-title":"Cellular and molecular mechanisms driving neuropathic pain: Recent advancements and challenges","volume":"22","author":"Fernandes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Opin. 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