{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T12:42:25Z","timestamp":1791981745884,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,18]],"date-time":"2022-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671321600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GNT1163634"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GNT1163634"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GNT2004036"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GNT2004036"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the University of Adelaide (Joint PhD Scholarship held by L.K.)","award":["GNT1163634"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GNT1163634"]}]},{"name":"the University of Adelaide (Joint PhD Scholarship held by L.K.)","award":["GNT2004036"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GNT2004036"]}]},{"name":"The Hospital Research Foundation","award":["GNT1163634"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GNT1163634"]}]},{"name":"The Hospital Research Foundation","award":["GNT2004036"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GNT2004036"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Prophylaxis and the treatment of surgical site infections (SSIs) with antibiotics frequently fail due to the antibiotic resistance of bacteria and the ability of bacteria to reside in biofilms (i.e., bacterial clusters in a protective matrix). Therefore, alternative antibacterial treatments are required to combat biofilm infections. The combination of diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC\u2212) and copper ions (Cu2+) exhibited antibiofilm activity against the staphylococci species associated with SSIs; however, the formation of a water-insoluble Cu(DDC)2 complex limits its application to SSIs. Here, we describe the development and antibiofilm activity of an injectable gel containing a liposomal formulation of Cu(DDC)2 and Cu2+ (lipogel). Lyophilized liposomes were incorporated into a mixture of chitosan (CS) and beta-glycerophosphate (\u03b2GP), and the thermosensitive gelling properties of CS-\u03b2GP and the lipogel were determined. The liposomes remained stable after lyophilization over six months at 4\u20136 \u00b0C and \u221220 \u00b0C. The sol-gel transition of the gel and lipogel occurred between 33 and 39 \u00b0C, independently of sterilization or storage at \u221220 \u00b0C. CS-\u03b2GP is biocompatible and the liposomes were released over time. The lipogel prevented biofilm formation over 2 days and killed 98.7% of the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and 99.9% of the Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms. Therefore, the lipogel is a promising new prophylaxis and treatment strategy for local application to SSIs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14122841","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,19]],"date-time":"2022-12-19T06:58:29Z","timestamp":1671433109000},"page":"2841","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["A Thermosensitive, Chitosan-Based Hydrogel as Delivery System for Antibacterial Liposomes to Surgical Site Infections"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Laurine","family":"Kaul","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Richter Lab, Department of Surgery, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, University of Adelaide, 37 Woodville Rd., Adelaide, SA 5011, Australia"},{"name":"Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Freiburg, Sonnenstr. 5, 79104 Freiburg, Germany"},{"name":"Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clara E.","family":"Grundmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Freiburg, Sonnenstr. 5, 79104 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9654-5299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monika","family":"K\u00f6ll-Weber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Freiburg, Sonnenstr. 5, 79104 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanna","family":"L\u00f6ffler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Freiburg, Sonnenstr. 5, 79104 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Artur","family":"Weiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Freiburg, Sonnenstr. 5, 79104 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew C. W.","family":"Zannettino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia"},{"name":"Precision Cancer Medicine Theme, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia"},{"name":"Central Adelaide Local Health Network, 1 Port Rd., Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2979-8215","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katharina","family":"Richter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Richter Lab, Department of Surgery, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, University of Adelaide, 37 Woodville Rd., Adelaide, SA 5011, Australia"},{"name":"Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia"},{"name":"Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing, North Terrace Campus, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9623-460X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Regine","family":"S\u00fcss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Freiburg, Sonnenstr. 5, 79104 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1558","DOI":"10.1590\/0102-672020200004e1558","article-title":"What\u2019s new in infection on surgical site and antibioticoprophylaxis in surgery?","volume":"33","author":"Costa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arq. 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