{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T20:19:55Z","timestamp":1790799595382,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,11]],"date-time":"2023-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673395200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["81373363"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81373363"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2021ZYC-A67"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021ZYC-A67"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2023KY704"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023KY704"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2023ZR107"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023ZR107"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["KYLX16_1178"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KYLX16_1178"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Medical Association Clinical Research Fund","award":["81373363"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81373363"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Medical Association Clinical Research Fund","award":["2021ZYC-A67"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021ZYC-A67"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Medical Association Clinical Research Fund","award":["2023KY704"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023KY704"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Medical Association Clinical Research Fund","award":["2023ZR107"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023ZR107"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Medical Association Clinical Research Fund","award":["KYLX16_1178"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KYLX16_1178"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Medical Science and Technology Project","award":["81373363"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81373363"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Medical Science and Technology Project","award":["2021ZYC-A67"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021ZYC-A67"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Medical Science and Technology Project","award":["2023KY704"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023KY704"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Medical Science and Technology Project","award":["2023ZR107"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023ZR107"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Medical Science and Technology Project","award":["KYLX16_1178"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KYLX16_1178"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Traditional Chinese Medicine Science and Technology Project","award":["81373363"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81373363"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Traditional Chinese Medicine Science and Technology Project","award":["2021ZYC-A67"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021ZYC-A67"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Traditional Chinese Medicine Science and Technology Project","award":["2023KY704"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023KY704"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Traditional Chinese Medicine Science and Technology Project","award":["2023ZR107"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023ZR107"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Traditional Chinese Medicine Science and Technology Project","award":["KYLX16_1178"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KYLX16_1178"]}]},{"name":"the Postgraduate Research and Innovation Plan Project in Jiangsu Province","award":["81373363"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81373363"]}]},{"name":"the Postgraduate Research and Innovation Plan Project in Jiangsu Province","award":["2021ZYC-A67"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021ZYC-A67"]}]},{"name":"the Postgraduate Research and Innovation Plan Project in Jiangsu Province","award":["2023KY704"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023KY704"]}]},{"name":"the Postgraduate Research and Innovation Plan Project in Jiangsu Province","award":["2023ZR107"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023ZR107"]}]},{"name":"the Postgraduate Research and Innovation Plan Project in Jiangsu Province","award":["KYLX16_1178"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KYLX16_1178"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gastric ulcer is one of the most common gastrointestinal diseases, and natural products have obvious advantages in the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases. Baicalin (Bai) extracted from scutellaria baicalensis exhibits anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic activities. Herein, a pH-responsive sodium alginate\/polyaspartate\/CaCO3 (SA\/PASP@CaCO3) in situ hydrogel was established for the oral delivery of Bai. In this study, we detected the gelling properties, mechanical strength, in vitro erosion, and in vitro release behavior of the hydrogels. Meanwhile, the efficiency of Bai\/SA\/PASP@CaCO3 hydrogel on ethanol-induced acute gastric ulcers, acetic acid-induced chronic gastric ulcers, and H2O2-stimulated human gastric epithelial GES-1 cells was explored. The pathological examination revealed that Bai-loaded hydrogel alleviated acute and chronic gastric ulcers. In vivo and in vitro results further confirmed that Bai\/SA\/PASP@CaCO3 in situ hydrogels significantly relieved oxidative stress injury. Moreover, through Western blot assay, Bai\/SA\/PASP@CaCO3 hydrogel was also found to dramatically increase the proteins levels of NRF2, HO-1, and Bcl2, and reduce levels of p-JNK, cleaved-caspase-3 and Bax; through flow cytometry, it was observed to significantly inhibit the H2O2-induced apoptosis of GES-1 cells. Importantly, the Bai\/SA\/PASP@CaCO3 in situ hydrogel system showed better anti-gastric ulcer efficiency than free drug, and could serve as a potential drug delivery system for the clinical treatment of gastric ulcers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15010257","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]],"date-time":"2023-01-12T02:28:44Z","timestamp":1673490524000},"page":"257","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["pH-Responsive Hydrogel as a Potential Oral Delivery System of Baicalin for Prolonging Gastroprotective Activity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Lixing","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enhe","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xiangya International Academy of Translational Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yangbo","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 QingChun Road, Hangzhou 310003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiayi","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 QingChun Road, Hangzhou 310003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing Medical Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Nanjing 210008, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiqin","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17020","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i45.17020","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of herbal medicines in treating gastric ulcer: A review","volume":"20","author":"Bi","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. 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