{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T22:08:25Z","timestamp":1790806105069,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,14]],"date-time":"2023-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006378","name":"Universitas Indonesia Research Grant 2022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NKB-546\/UN2.RST\/HKP.05.00\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NKB-546\/UN2.RST\/HKP.05.00\/2022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006378","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lidocaine hydrochloride (LiH), an amide-type local anesthetic agent, is commonly used in dermatological procedures. LiH is categorized as a BCS (biopharmaceutics classification system) class III group, which has high solubility and poor permeability. It should be noted that, in this context, LiH is intended as a local anesthetic, so the level of LiH in systemic circulation should be minimized to avoid toxicity and unwanted side effects such as hypotension and bradycardia. This study aimed to formulate and evaluate LiH-loaded dissolving microneedles (DMNs) with different polymer bases. Moreover, an in vitro permeation study using Franz diffusion cells and in vivo study were also performed. LiH-loaded DMNs were prepared using polymer groups of poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP-K30) and hyaluronic acid (HA). DMNs were created using the micro-molding method with centrifugation. The formulations selected based on the evaluation were F3 (HA 10%) and F5 (PVP-K30 25%). Based on the in vitro permeation study, the amount of drug permeated and deposited in the skin at F3 (HA 10%) was 247.1 \u00b1 41.85 and 98.35 \u00b1 12.86 \u03bcg, respectively. On the other hand, the amount of drug permeated and deposited in the skin at F5 (PVP-K30 25%) was 277.7 \u00b1 55.88 and 59.46 \u00b1 9.25 \u03bcg, respectively. Our in vivo drug-permeation study showed that only one rat from the PVP-K30 polymer group\u2014with a concentration of 150.32 ng\/mL\u2014was detected on rat plasma. Therefore, LiH can be formulated into a DMN and can be deposited in the skin with a safe concentration of the drug permeating into systemic circulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15010289","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]],"date-time":"2023-01-16T03:40:34Z","timestamp":1673840434000},"page":"289","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Enhancing Intradermal Delivery of Lidocaine by Dissolving Microneedles: Comparison between Hyaluronic Acid and Poly(Vinyl Pyrrolidone) Backbone Polymers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2847-9610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Delly","family":"Ramadon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lissa Florencia Putri","family":"Sutrisna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yahdiana","family":"Harahap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kurnia Sari Setio","family":"Putri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fathin","family":"Ulayya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5315-6741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pietradewi","family":"Hartrianti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences, Jakarta 13210, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4809-550X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qonita Kurnia","family":"Anjani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Biology Centre, School of Pharmacy, Queen\u2019s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0766-4147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryan F.","family":"Donnelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Biology Centre, School of Pharmacy, Queen\u2019s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43027","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/743027","article-title":"Comparison of Topical Anesthetics for Radiofrequency Ablation of Achrocordons: Eutectic Mixture of Lignocaine\/Prilocaine versus Lidocaine\/Tetracaine","volume":"2014","author":"Gahalaut","year":"2014","journal-title":"ISRN Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.03.009","article-title":"The economic costs of pain in the United States","volume":"13","author":"Gaskin","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. 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