{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T01:54:20Z","timestamp":1778637260095,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]],"date-time":"2023-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673827200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University","award":["RGP2\/89\/43"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGP2\/89\/43"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the current study, the combined anti-tumor efficacy of bioactive hydroxyapatite nano- particles (HA-NPs) loaded with altretamine (ALT) was evaluated. The well-known fact that HA has great biological compatibility was confirmed through the findings of the hemolytic experiments and a maximum IC50 value seen in the MTT testing. The preparation of HA-NPs was performed using the chemical precipitation process. An in vitro release investigation was conducted, and the results demonstrated the sustained drug release of the altretamine-loaded hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (ALT-HA-NPs). Studies using the JURKAT E6.1 cell lines MTT assay, and cell uptake, as well as in vivo pharmacokinetic tests using Wistar rats demonstrated that the ALT-HA-NPs were easily absorbed by the cells. A putative synergism between the action of the Ca2+ ions and the anticancer drug obtained from the carrier was indicated by the fact that the ALT-HA-NPs displayed cytotoxicity comparable to the free ALT at 1\/10th of the ALT concentration. It has been suggested that a rise in intracellular Ca2+ ions causes cells to undergo apoptosis. Ehrlich\u2019s ascites model in Balb\/c mice showed comparable synergistic efficacy in a tumor regression trial. While the ALT-HA-NPs were able to shrink the tumor size by six times, the free ALT was only able to reduce the tumor volume by half.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15010302","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]],"date-time":"2023-01-16T06:52:10Z","timestamp":1673851930000},"page":"302","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["The Combined Anti-Tumor Efficacy of Bioactive Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles Loaded with Altretamine"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yahia","family":"Alghazwani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2853-5907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krishnaraju","family":"Venkatesan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8224-4276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kousalya","family":"Prabahar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0814-1743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"El-Sherbiny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, AlMaarefa University, Riyadh 13713, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5167-3377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nehal","family":"Elsherbiny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8733-1168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mona","family":"Qushawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sinai University, Alarish 45511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150845","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/150845","article-title":"Apoptosis and Molecular Targeting Therapy in Cancer","volume":"2014","author":"Hassan","year":"2014","journal-title":"BioMed Res. 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