{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T02:31:26Z","timestamp":1776738686322,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,19]],"date-time":"2023-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674086400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020R1F1A1069889"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020R1F1A1069889"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022R1A5A8033794"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022R1A5A8033794"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Atraric acid (AA) is a phenolic compound isolated from Stereocaulon japonicum that has demonstrated anti-androgen properties and was used to design an alternative formulation for the treatment of alopecia. This new topical formulation was designed using a solvent mixture system composed of ethanol as a volatile vehicle, oleic acid as a permeation enhancer, and water for skin hydration. The ideal topical AA formulation (AA\u2013TF#15) exhibited an 8.77-fold higher human skin flux and a 570% increase in dermal drug deposition, compared to 1% (w\/w) AA in ethanol. In addition, compared to other formulations, AA\u2013TF#15 (1% [w\/w] AA) activated keratinocytes and human dermal papilla cell proliferation at a concentration of 50 \u00b5M AA, which is equivalent to 50 \u00b5M minoxidil. Moreover, AA\u2013TF#15 treatment produced a significant increase in hair regrowth by 58.0% and 41.9% compared to the 1% (w\/w) minoxidil and oral finasteride (1 mg\/kg)-treated mice. In addition, AA\u2013TF#15 showed a higher expression level of aldehyde dehydrogenase 1, \u03b2-catenin, cyclin D1, and pyruvate kinase M2 proteins in the skin of AA\u2013TF#15-treated mice compared to that of those treated with minoxidil and oral finasteride. These findings suggest AA\u2013TF#15 is an effective formulation for the treatment of scalp androgenic alopecia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15020340","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,19]],"date-time":"2023-01-19T05:50:20Z","timestamp":1674107420000},"page":"340","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Topical Delivery of Atraric Acid Derived from Stereocaulon japonicum with Enhanced Skin Permeation and Hair Regrowth Activity for Androgenic Alopecia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9871-8296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sultan","family":"Pulat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, Sunchon-si 57922, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0857-4458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laxman","family":"Subedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Health & Life Convergence Sciences, BK21 Four, Biomedical and Healthcare Research Institute, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun 58554, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0575-8120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prashant","family":"Pandey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Health & Life Convergence Sciences, BK21 Four, Biomedical and Healthcare Research Institute, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun 58554, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6295-5804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suresh R.","family":"Bhosle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, Sunchon-si 57922, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8547-7075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jae-Seoun","family":"Hur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korean Lichen Research Institute, Sunchon National University, Sunchon-si 57922, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4062-4016","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jung-Hyun","family":"Shim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Health & Life Convergence Sciences, BK21 Four, Biomedical and Healthcare Research Institute, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun 58554, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"College of Pharmacy and Natural Medicine Research Institute, Mokpo National University, 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National University, Muan-gun 58554, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hyung-Ho","family":"Ha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, Sunchon-si 57922, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5889-8907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hangun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, Sunchon-si 57922, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0001-7043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jin Woo","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Health & Life Convergence Sciences, BK21 Four, Biomedical and Healthcare Research Institute, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun 58554, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"College of Pharmacy and Natural Medicine Research Institute, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun 58554, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-016-1004-5","article-title":"Identification of a new plant extract for androgenic alopecia treatment using a non-radioactive human hair dermal papilla cell-based assay","volume":"16","author":"Jain","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Complement. 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