{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T17:28:39Z","timestamp":1787678919554,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,25]],"date-time":"2023-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674604800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["813440"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["813440"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101007804"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101007804"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MIUR, 2018-2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MIUR, 2018-2022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"\u201cDepartments of Excellence\u201d program of the Italian Ministry for Education, University and Research","award":["813440"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["813440"]}]},{"name":"\u201cDepartments of Excellence\u201d program of the Italian Ministry for Education, University and Research","award":["101007804"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101007804"]}]},{"name":"\u201cDepartments of Excellence\u201d program of the Italian Ministry for Education, University and Research","award":["MIUR, 2018-2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MIUR, 2018-2022"]}]},{"name":"University of Parma","award":["813440"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["813440"]}]},{"name":"University of Parma","award":["101007804"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101007804"]}]},{"name":"University of Parma","award":["MIUR, 2018-2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MIUR, 2018-2022"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Corticosteroids, although highly effective for the treatment of both anterior and posterior ocular segment inflammation, still nowadays struggle for effective drug delivery due to their poor solubilization capabilities in water. This research work aims to develop nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) intended for periocular administration of dexamethasone acetate to the posterior segment of the eye. Pre-formulation studies were initially performed to find solid and liquid lipid mixtures for dexamethasone acetate solubilization. Pseudoternary diagrams at 65 \u00b0C were constructed to select the best surfactant based on the macroscopic transparency and microscopic isotropy of the systems. The resulting NLC, obtained following an organic solvent-free methodology, was composed of triacetin, Imwitor\u00ae 491 (glycerol monostearate &gt;90%) and tyloxapol with Z-average = 106.9 \u00b1 1.2 nm, PDI = 0.104 \u00b1 0.019 and zeta potential = \u22126.51 \u00b1 0.575 mV. Ex vivo porcine sclera and choroid permeation studies revealed a considerable metabolism in the sclera of dexamethasone acetate into free dexamethasone, which demonstrated higher permeation capabilities across both tissues. In addition, the NLC behavior once applied onto the sclera was further studied by means of multiphoton microscopy by loading the NLC with the fluorescent probe Nile red.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15020407","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,26]],"date-time":"2023-01-26T01:57:07Z","timestamp":1674698227000},"page":"407","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for Enhanced Transscleral Delivery of Dexamethasone Acetate: Development, Ex Vivo Characterization and Multiphoton Microscopy Studies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2862-4037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felipe M.","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ADDRes Lab, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 27\/a, 43124 Parma, Italy"},{"name":"Nanovector S.r.l., Via Livorno, 60, 10144 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9529-5793","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Delledonne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Life Science and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17\/A, 43124 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6955-0957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Nicoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ADDRes Lab, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 27\/a, 43124 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Gasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanovector S.r.l., Via Livorno, 60, 10144 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Padula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ADDRes Lab, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 27\/a, 43124 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7601-7894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrizia","family":"Santi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ADDRes Lab, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 27\/a, 43124 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1972-1281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Sissa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Life Science and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17\/A, 43124 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6131-4375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Pescina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ADDRes Lab, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 27\/a, 43124 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.13702","article-title":"Local delivery of corticosteroids in clinical ophthalmology: A review","volume":"48","author":"Fung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. 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