{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T12:20:49Z","timestamp":1790770849172,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675209600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project","award":["PNURSP2023R23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNURSP2023R23"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Toxoplasmosis is one of the most common parasitic zoonoses that affects all vertebrates. The drugs most commonly used against toxoplasmosis have many side effects, making the development of new antiparasitic drugs a big challenge. The present study evaluated the therapeutic effectiveness of novel herbal treatments, including propolis and wheat germ oil (WGO), against acute toxoplasmosis. A total of 50 albino mice were divided into five groups: group 1 (G1) (non-infected and non-treated); group 2 (G2) (infected without treatment); group 3 (G3) (treated with propolis); group 4 (G4) (treated with WGO); group 5 (G5) (treated with a combination of propolis and WGO). The effects of the herbal substances on different organs, mainly liver, spleen, and lungs, were investigated using parasitological, molecular, and histopathological examinations. The results of parasitological examination demonstrated statistically significant (p &lt; 0.05) differences in the parasitic load between treated groups (G3, G4, and G5) compared to the control positive group (G2). These differences were represented by a significant reduction in the parasite load in stained tissue smears from the liver obtained from the animals treated with propolis (G3) compared to the parasite load in the positive control group. Similarly, animals (G4) treated with WGO exhibited a significant reduction in the parasite load versus the positive control group, while the lowest parasite load was found in G5, treated with propolis and WGO. Quantification of the parasite burden through molecular methods (PCR) revealed similar findings represented by reduction in the parasite burden in all treated groups with WGO and propolis as compared to the control group. Importantly, these previous parasitological and molecular findings were accompanied by a marked improvement in the histopathological picture of the liver, spleen, and lungs. In conclusion, propolis and WGO showed a good combination of therapeutic efficacy against acute toxoplasmosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15020478","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T04:27:02Z","timestamp":1675225622000},"page":"478","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Parasitological, Molecular, and Histopathological Investigation of the Potential Activity of Propolis and Wheat Germ Oil against Acute Toxoplasmosis in Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ashraf Mohamed","family":"Barakat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoonotic Diseases, National Research Centre, El Buhouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8895-2895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khaled A. Abd","family":"El-Razik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Reproduction, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, Giza 12556, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hassan Ali Mohamed","family":"El Fadaly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoonotic Diseases, National Research Centre, El Buhouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walaa M.","family":"Saleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6415-0647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatma Abo Zakaib","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asmaa Aboelabbas","family":"Gouda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabry A. S.","family":"Sadek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoonotic Diseases, National Research Centre, El Buhouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3560-8166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naief","family":"Dahran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21959, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manal F.","family":"El-khadragy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4484-3678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ehab Kotb","family":"Elmahallawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-011-2393-5","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection among immigrant and native pregnant women in Eastern Spain","volume":"109","author":"Ramos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parasitol. 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