{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T01:02:01Z","timestamp":1778288521276,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,9]],"date-time":"2023-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675900800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deanship of Scientific Research, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University","award":["2017-091-IRMC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017-091-IRMC"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>An iron-based SBA-16 mesoporous silica (ferrisilicate) with a large surface area and three-dimensional (3D) pores is explored as a potential insulin delivery vehicle with improved encapsulation and loading efficiency. Fe was incorporated into a framework of ferrisilicate using the isomorphous substitution technique for direct synthesis. Fe3+ species were identified using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The large surface area (804 m2\/g), cubic pores (3.2 nm) and insulin loading were characterized using XRD, BET surface area, FTIR and TEM analyses. For pH sensitivity, the ferrisilicate was wrapped with polyethylene glycol (MW = 400 Daltons) (PEG). For comparison, Fe (10 wt%) was impregnated on a Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Number 6 (KIT-6) sieve and Mesocellular Silica Foam (MSU-F). Insulin loading was optimized, and its release mechanism was studied using the dialysis membrane technique (MWCO = 14,000 Da) at physiological pH = 7.4, 6.8 and 1.2. The kinetics of the drug\u2019s release was studied using different structured\/insulin nanoformulations, including Santa Barbara Amorphous materials (SBA-15, SBA-16), MSU-F, ultra-large-pore FDU-12 (ULPFDU-12) and ferrisilicates. A different insulin adsorption times (0.08\u20131 h), insulin\/ferrisilicate ratios (0.125\u20131.0) and drug release rates at different pH were examined using the Korsmeyer\u2013Peppas model. The rate of drug release and the diffusion mechanisms were obtained based on the release constant (k) and release exponent (n). The cytotoxicity of the nanoformulation was evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay using human foreskin fibroblast (HFF-1) cells. A low cytotoxicity was observed for this nanoformulation starting at the highest concentrations used, namely, 400 and 800 \u03bcg. The hypoglycemic activity of insulin\/ferrisilicate\/PEG on acute administration in Wistar rats was studied using doses of 2, 5 and 10 mg\/kg body weight. The developed facile ferrisilicate\/PEG nanoformulation showed a high insulin encapsulation and loading capacity with pH-sensitive insulin release for potential delivery through the oral route.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15020593","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]],"date-time":"2023-02-10T04:48:03Z","timestamp":1676004483000},"page":"593","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Design and Evaluation of Pegylated Large 3D Pore Ferrisilicate as a Potential Insulin Protein Therapy to Treat Diabetic Mellitus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8698-2820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B. Rabindran","family":"Jermy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of NanoMedicine Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Salahuddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5019-0151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gazali","family":"Tanimu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Refining and Advanced Chemicals, Research Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, P.O. Box 5040, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hatim","family":"Dafalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Core Research Facilities (CRF), King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, P.O. Box 613, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2271-8262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Almofty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Stem Cell Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vijaya","family":"Ravinayagam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deanship of Scientific Research & Department of NanoMedicine Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-021-05398-3","article-title":"Current and future therapies for type 1 diabetes","volume":"64","author":"Kreiner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3567","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S319895","article-title":"A review of current trends with Type 2 diabetes epidemiology, aetiology, pathogenesis, treatments and future perspectives","volume":"14","author":"Reed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2023, January 20). IDF Diabetes Atlas. 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