{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T15:14:57Z","timestamp":1791904497170,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":148,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]],"date-time":"2023-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676937600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deputyship for Research &amp; Innovation, Ministry of Education in Saudi Arabia","award":["ISP22-10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ISP22-10"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>It has been seventy years since a water-soluble version of vitamin E called tocophersolan (also known as TPGS) was produced; it was approved by USFDA in 1998 as an inactive ingredient. Drug formulation developers were initially intrigued by its surfactant qualities, and gradually it made its way into the toolkit of pharmaceutical drug delivery. Since then, four drugs with TPGS in their formulation have been approved for sale in the United States and Europe including ibuprofen, tipranavir, amprenavir, and tocophersolan. Improvement and implementation of novel diagnostic and therapeutic techniques for disease are goals of nanomedicine and the succeeding field of nanotheranostics. Specifically, imaging and treating tumors with nanohybrid theranostics shows promising potential. Docetaxel, paclitaxel, and doxorubicin are examples of poorly bioavailable therapeutic agents; hence, much effort is applied for developing TPGS-based nanomedicine, nanotheranostics, and targeted drug delivery systems to increase circulation time and promote the reticular endothelial escape of these drug delivery systems. TPGS has been used in a number of ways for improving drug solubility, bioavailability improvement, and prevention of drug efflux from the targeted cells, which makes it an excellent candidate for therapeutic delivery. Through the downregulation of P-gp expression and modulation of efflux pump activity, TPGS can also mitigate multidrug resistance (MDR). Novel materials such as TPGS-based copolymers are being studied for their potential use in various diseases. In recent clinical trials, TPGS has been utilized in a huge number of Phase I, II, and III studies. Additionally, numerous TPGS-based nanomedicine and nanotheranostic applications are reported in the literature which are in their preclinical stage. However, various randomized or human clinical trials have been underway for TPGS-based drug delivery systems for multiple diseases such as pneumonia, malaria, ocular disease, keratoconus, etc. In this review, we have emphasized in detail the review of the nanotheranostics and targeted drug delivery approaches premised on TPGS. In addition, we have covered various therapeutic systems involving TPGS and its analogs with special references to its patent and clinical trials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15030722","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]],"date-time":"2023-02-22T03:59:16Z","timestamp":1677038356000},"page":"722","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"title":["Vitamin E TPGS-Based Nanomedicine, Nanotheranostics, and Targeted Drug Delivery: Past, Present, and Future"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1392-5849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abhishesh Kumar","family":"Mehata","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aseem","family":"Setia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2613-7676","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vikas","family":"Vikas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ankit Kumar","family":"Malik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9340-8835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rym","family":"Hassani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, University College AlDarb, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamad Ghaleb","family":"Dailah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hassan A.","family":"Alhazmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Centre, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed A.","family":"Albarraq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2077-1278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Syam","family":"Mohan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Centre, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"School of Health Sciences, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun 248007, India"},{"name":"Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical science, Saveetha University, Chennai 602105, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madaswamy S.","family":"Muthu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2020.110129","article-title":"The use of TPGS in drug delivery systems to overcome biological barriers","volume":"142","author":"Luiz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. 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