{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T16:37:51Z","timestamp":1790699871264,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,3]],"date-time":"2023-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677801600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the American Foundation for Pharmaceutical Education Paul B Myrdal Pre-Doctoral Fellowship in Pharmaceutics","award":["2R01ES024681"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2R01ES024681"]}]},{"name":"the University of Utah Graduate Research Fellowship","award":["2R01ES024681"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2R01ES024681"]}]},{"name":"Kuramoto Graduate Research Fellowship","award":["2R01ES024681"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2R01ES024681"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2R01ES024681"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2R01ES024681"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Silica nanoparticles (SNPs) have shown promise in biomedical applications such as drug delivery and imaging due to their versatile synthetic methods, tunable physicochemical properties, and ability to load both hydrophilic and hydrophobic cargo with high efficiency. To improve the utility of these nanostructures, there is a need to control the degradation profile relative to specific microenvironments. The design of such nanostructures for controlled combination drug delivery would benefit from minimizing degradation and cargo release in circulation while increasing intracellular biodegradation. Herein, we fabricated two types of layer-by-layer hollow mesoporous SNPs (HMSNPs) containing two and three layers with variations in disulfide precursor ratios. These disulfide bonds are redox-sensitive, resulting in a controllable degradation profile relative to the number of disulfide bonds present. Particles were characterized for morphology, size and size distribution, atomic composition, pore structure, and surface area. No difference was observed between in vitro cytotoxicity profiles of the fabricated nanoparticles at 24 h in the concentration range below 100 \u00b5g mL\u22121. The degradation profiles of particles were evaluated in simulated body fluid in the presence of glutathione. The results demonstrate that the composition and number of layers influence degradation rates, and particles containing a higher number of disulfide bridges were more responsive to enzymatic degradation. These results indicate the potential utility of layer-by-layer HMSNPs for delivery applications where tunable degradation is desired.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15030832","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]],"date-time":"2023-03-06T06:29:06Z","timestamp":1678084146000},"page":"832","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Layer-by-Layer Hollow Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles with Tunable Degradation Profile"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0436-5501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason William","family":"Grunberger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Utah Center for Nanomedicine, Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamidreza","family":"Ghandehari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Utah Center for Nanomedicine, Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1080\/10717544.2021.1905748","article-title":"Layer-by-Layer assembled nano-drug delivery systems for cancer treatment","volume":"28","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2776","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201911762","article-title":"Theranostic Layer-by-Layer Nanoparticles for Simultaneous Tumor Detection and Gene Silencing","volume":"59","author":"Boehnke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Angew. 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