{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:01:13Z","timestamp":1787029273899,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,10]],"date-time":"2023-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004901","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais\u2014FAPEMIG","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CDS-RED-00007-14-Rede Mineira de Pesquisas em Nanobiotecnologia"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CDS-RED-00007-14-Rede Mineira de Pesquisas em Nanobiotecnologia"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004901","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004901","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais\u2014FAPEMIG","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["307098\/2018-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["307098\/2018-4"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004901","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico\u2014CNPq","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CDS-RED-00007-14-Rede Mineira de Pesquisas em Nanobiotecnologia"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CDS-RED-00007-14-Rede Mineira de Pesquisas em Nanobiotecnologia"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico\u2014CNPq","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["307098\/2018-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["307098\/2018-4"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Emetic tartar (ET), was used in the treatment of leishmaniasis but its use was discontinued due to its low therapeutic index. Liposomes have been shown to be a promising strategy for delivery of bioactive substances in the region of interest, in order to reduce and\/or eliminate undesirable effects. In the present study, liposomes containing ET were prepared and characterized to evaluate acute toxicity as well as their leishmanicidal action using BALB\/c mice with an inoculum of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum. Liposomes were composed of egg phosphatidylcholine and 3\u00df-[N-(N\u2032,N\u2032-dimethylaminoethane)-carbamoyl]cholesterol, with an average diameter of 200 nm, zeta potential of +18 mV, and ET encapsulated into liposomes at a concentration near 2 g\/L. Healthy mice were treated with ET or liposome containing ET (Lip-ET) in a single dose of 16 mg\/kg of Sb3+ intravenously and observed for 14 days. The death of two animals in the ET-treated group and no deaths in the Lip-ET-treated group was observed. Higher hepatic and cardiac toxicity were observed in animals treated with ET when compared to animals treated with Lip-ET, blank liposomes (Blank-Lip) and PBS. The study of antileishmanial efficacy was conducted by intraperitoneal administration of Lip-ET, for ten consecutive days. It was observed by limiting dilution that treatments with liposomal formulations containing ET, as well as Glucantime\u00ae, led to a significant reduction in parasitic load in spleen and liver (p &lt; 0.05) when compared to the untreated control group.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15030904","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]],"date-time":"2023-03-13T06:52:13Z","timestamp":1678690333000},"page":"904","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Emetic Tartar-Loaded Liposomes as a New Strategy for Leishmaniasis Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4119-8696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Larissa D.","family":"Coelho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mirna M. D.","family":"Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geovanni D.","family":"Cassali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Pathology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raphaela A.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria J. N.","family":"Paiva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7641-6585","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9 L. B.","family":"Barros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eliane M.","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research and Public Policy Group on Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Ren\u00e9 Rachou Institute, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz\u2014FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte 30190-009, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josianne N.","family":"Silveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paulo M. Z.","family":"Coelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rene Rachou Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Belo Horizonte 30190-009, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3820-2842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta M. G.","family":"Aguiar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00f4nica C.","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1093\/clind\/24.4.684","article-title":"Human Leishmaniasis: Clinical, Diagnostic, and Chemotherapeutic Developments in the Last 10 Years","volume":"24","author":"Berman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. 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