{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T22:38:40Z","timestamp":1765233520967,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,23]],"date-time":"2023-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Singapore Ministry of Health\u2019s National Medical Research Council","award":["MOH-001001-00","MOH-000963-00","R1285\/91\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOH-001001-00","MOH-000963-00","R1285\/91\/2015"]}]},{"name":"Open Funding\u2014Independent Research Grant","award":["MOH-001001-00","MOH-000963-00","R1285\/91\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOH-001001-00","MOH-000963-00","R1285\/91\/2015"]}]},{"name":"SNEC Ophthalmic Technology Incubator Program","award":["MOH-001001-00","MOH-000963-00","R1285\/91\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOH-001001-00","MOH-000963-00","R1285\/91\/2015"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The effectiveness of current antifungal therapies is hampered by the emergence of drug resistance strains, highlighting an urgent need for new alternatives such as adjuvant antifungal treatments. This study aims to examine the synergism between propranolol and antifungal drugs, based on the premise that propranolol is known to inhibit fungal hyphae. In vitro studies demonstrate that propranolol potentiates the antifungal activity of azoles and that the effect is more pronounced for propranolol\u2013itraconazole combination. Using an in vivo murine systemic candidemia model, we show that propranolol\u2013itraconazole combination treatment resulted in a lower rate of body weight loss, decreased kidney fungal bioburden and renal inflammation when compared to propranolol and azole treatment alone or untreated control. Altogether, our findings suggest that propranolol increases the efficacy of azoles against C. albicans, offering a new therapeutic strategy against invasive fungal infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15041044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]],"date-time":"2023-03-24T02:34:54Z","timestamp":1679625294000},"page":"1044","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Propranolol Ameliorates the Antifungal Activity of Azoles in Invasive Candidiasis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Venkatesh","family":"Mayandi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocular Infections and Anti-Microbials Research, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore 169856, Singapore"},{"name":"Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wen-Tyng","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1081-1141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Darren Shu Jeng","family":"Ting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocular Infections and Anti-Microbials Research, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore 169856, Singapore"},{"name":"Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Birmingham B18 7QH, UK"},{"name":"Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eunice Tze Leng","family":"Goh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocular Infections and Anti-Microbials Research, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore 169856, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Myoe Naing","family":"Lynn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Ophthalmic Pathology-Immunology Platform, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore 169856, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0960-2860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thet Tun","family":"Aung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocular Infections and Anti-Microbials Research, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore 169856, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3336-4129","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jamuna","family":"Vadivelu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6477-9784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veluchamy Amutha","family":"Barathi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore"},{"name":"Translational Pre-Clinical Model Platform, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore 169856, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anita Sook Yee","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore"},{"name":"Translational Pre-Clinical Model Platform, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore 169856, Singapore"},{"name":"Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 169856, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8214-5315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rajamani","family":"Lakshminarayanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocular Infections and Anti-Microbials Research, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore 169856, Singapore"},{"name":"Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117559, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165rv113","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3004404","article-title":"Hidden killers: Human fungal infections","volume":"4","author":"Brown","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. 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