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Conventional pharmacological therapy for brain diseases encounters huge challenges because of the blood\u2013brain barrier (BBB) limiting the delivery of therapeutics into the brain parenchyma. To address this issue, researchers have explored various types of drug delivery systems. Cells and cell derivatives have attracted increasing interest as \u201cTrojan horse\u201d delivery systems for brain diseases, owing to their superior biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, and BBB penetration properties. This review provided an overview of recent advancements in cell- and cell-derivative-based delivery systems for the diagnosis and treatment of brain diseases. Additionally, it discussed the challenges and potential solutions for clinical translation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15041257","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]],"date-time":"2023-04-17T05:51:41Z","timestamp":1681710701000},"page":"1257","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Living Cells and Cell-Derived Vesicles: A Trojan Horse Technique for Brain Delivery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3249-9042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ante","family":"Ou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuewei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaxin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7067-8915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongzhuo","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan 528437, China"},{"name":"NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Excipients, Shanghai 201203, China"},{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30411-9","article-title":"The global burden of neurological disorders: Translating evidence into policy","volume":"19","author":"Feigin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.21254","article-title":"Current Strategies for Brain Drug Delivery","volume":"8","author":"Dong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2019.119491","article-title":"Nanomaterial-based blood-brain-barrier (BBB) crossing strategies","volume":"224","author":"Xie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1824","article-title":"Astrocyte-endothelial interactions at the blood-brain barrier","volume":"7","author":"Abbott","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. 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