{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T11:20:25Z","timestamp":1775042425310,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]],"date-time":"2023-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004543","name":"China Scholarship Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["201806170087"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201806170087"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004543","name":"China Scholarship Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SE0431"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SE0431"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004543","name":"China Scholarship Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FWO 1133520N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FWO 1133520N"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000277","name":"UK Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["201806170087"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201806170087"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000277","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000277","name":"UK Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SE0431"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SE0431"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000277","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000277","name":"UK Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FWO 1133520N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FWO 1133520N"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000277","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"The Research Foundation\u2014Flanders, Belgium","award":["201806170087"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201806170087"]}]},{"name":"The Research Foundation\u2014Flanders, Belgium","award":["SE0431"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SE0431"]}]},{"name":"The Research Foundation\u2014Flanders, Belgium","award":["FWO 1133520N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FWO 1133520N"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Infection with the rabies virus (RABV) results in a 100% lethal neurological disease once symptoms develop. Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) consists of a combination of vaccination and anti-rabies immunoglobulins (RIGs); it is 100% effective if administered early after exposure. Because of its limited availability, alternatives for RIGs are needed. To that end, we evaluated a panel of 33 different lectins for their effect on RABV infection in cell culture. Several lectins, with either mannose or GlcNAc specificity, elicited anti-RABV activity, of which the GlcNAc-specific Urtica dioica agglutinin (UDA) was selected for further studies. UDA was found to prevent the entry of the virus into the host cell. To further assess the potential of UDA, a physiologically relevant RABV infection muscle explant model was developed. Strips of dissected swine skeletal muscle that were kept in a culture medium could be productively infected with the RABV. When the infection of the muscle strips was carried out in the presence of UDA, RABV replication was completely prevented. Thus, we developed a physiologically relevant RABV muscle infection model. UDA (i) may serve as a reference for further studies and (ii) holds promise as a cheap and simple-to-produce alternative for RIGs in PEP.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15051353","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]],"date-time":"2023-04-28T04:36:15Z","timestamp":1682656575000},"page":"1353","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Urtica dioica Agglutinin Prevents Rabies Virus Infection in a Muscle Explant Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Xinyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"Global Virus Network (GVN), Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6274-0624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisanne","family":"Terrie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tissue Engineering Lab, Department of Development and Regeneration, Campus Kulak, KU Leuven, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9374-3190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guanghui","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, Weybridge KT15 3NB, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9848-766X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Els J. M.","family":"Van Damme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5896-6823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lieven","family":"Thorrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tissue Engineering Lab, Department of Development and Regeneration, Campus Kulak, KU Leuven, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3243-6154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anthony R.","family":"Fooks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, Weybridge KT15 3NB, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1286-9825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashley C.","family":"Banyard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, Weybridge KT15 3NB, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9265-6028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dirk","family":"Jochmans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"Global Virus Network (GVN), Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0033-7514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johan","family":"Neyts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"Global Virus Network (GVN), Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17091","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.91","article-title":"Rabies","volume":"3","author":"Fooks","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. 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