{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T16:06:42Z","timestamp":1791475602388,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,3]],"date-time":"2023-05-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683072000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alzheimer-type dementia (ATD) treatments face limitations in crossing the blood\u2013brain barrier and systemic adverse effects. Intranasal administration offers a direct route to the brain via the nasal cavity\u2019s olfactory and trigeminal pathways. However, nasal physiology can hinder drug absorption and limit bioavailability. Therefore, the physicochemical characteristics of formulations must be optimized by means of technological strategies. Among the strategies that have been explored, lipid-based nanosystems, particularly nanostructured lipid carriers, are promising in preclinical investigations with minimal toxicity and therapeutic efficacy due to their ability to overcome challenges associated with other nanocarriers. We review the studies of nanostructured lipid carriers for intranasal administration in the treatment of ATD. Currently, no drugs for intranasal administration in ATD have marketing approval, with only three candidates, insulin, rivastigmine and APH-1105, being clinically investigated. Further studies with different candidates will eventually confirm the potential of the intranasal route of administration in the treatment of ATD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15051399","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,4]],"date-time":"2023-05-04T01:33:36Z","timestamp":1683164016000},"page":"1399","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Intranasal Drug Administration in Alzheimer-Type Dementia: Towards Clinical Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9816-9693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raquel","family":"Tal\u00e9ns-Visconti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andr\u00e9s Estell\u00e9s s\/n, 46100 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9403-8744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jesus Vicente","family":"de Juli\u00e1n-Ortiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Topology and Drug Design Research Unit, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andr\u00e9s Estell\u00e9s s\/n, 46100 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ofelia","family":"Vila-Bus\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Colloids Research Unit, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andr\u00e9s Estell\u00e9s s\/n, 46100 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Octavio","family":"Diez-Sales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andr\u00e9s Estell\u00e9s s\/n, 46100 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigaci\u00f3n de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnol\u00f3gico (IDM), Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Av. Vicent Andr\u00e9s Estell\u00e9s s\/n, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1707-7966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amparo","family":"N\u00e1cher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andr\u00e9s Estell\u00e9s s\/n, 46100 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigaci\u00f3n de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnol\u00f3gico (IDM), Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Av. Vicent Andr\u00e9s Estell\u00e9s s\/n, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32205-4","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"397","author":"Scheltens","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nrl.2017.10.005","article-title":"Informe de la Fundaci\u00f3n del Cerebro. Impacto social de la enfermedad de Alzheimer y otras demencias","volume":"36","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurolog\u00eda"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2023, January 08). 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