{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T20:42:56Z","timestamp":1792096976090,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,5]],"date-time":"2023-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Intranasal delivery is a non-invasive mode of administration, gaining popularity due to its potential for targeted delivery to the brain. The anatomic connection of the nasal cavity with the central nervous system (CNS) is based on two nerves: olfactory and trigeminal. Moreover, the high vasculature of the respiratory area enables systemic absorption avoiding possible hepatic metabolism. Due to these physiological peculiarities of the nasal cavity, compartmental modeling for nasal formulation is considered a demanding process. For this purpose, intravenous models have been proposed, based on the fast absorption from the olfactory nerve. However, most of the sophisticated approaches are required to describe the different absorption events occurring in the nasal cavity. Donepezil was recently formulated in the form of nasal film ensuring drug delivery in both bloodstream and the brain. In this work, a three-compartment model was first developed to describe donepezil oral brain and blood pharmacokinetics. Subsequently, using parameters estimated by this model, an intranasal model was developed dividing the administered dose into three fractions, corresponding to absorption directly to the bloodstream and brain, as well as indirectly to the brain expressed through transit compartments. Hence, the models of this study aim to describe the drug flow on both occasions and quantify the direct nose-to-brain and systemic distribution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15051409","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,5]],"date-time":"2023-05-05T02:08:42Z","timestamp":1683252522000},"page":"1409","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Donepezil Brain and Blood Pharmacokinetic Modeling after Nasal Film and Oral Solution Administration in Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Christos","family":"Kaikousidis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0566-0713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paraskevi","family":"Papakyriakopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5087-4003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aristides","family":"Dokoumetzidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2395-6844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgia","family":"Valsami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2016.03.021","article-title":"The need for new approaches in CNS drug discovery: Why drugs have failed, and what can be done to improve outcomes","volume":"120","author":"Gribkoff","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-7568(22)00219-7","article-title":"Science disconnected: The translational gap between basic science, clinical trials, and patient care in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"3","author":"Gregory","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Healthy Longev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1177\/0091270004265645","article-title":"Absorption of rivastigmine from different regions of the gastrointestinal tract in humans","volume":"44","author":"Lee","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. 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