{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T22:06:43Z","timestamp":1790028403201,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,5]],"date-time":"2023-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R and D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFA1301400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFA1301400"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neutralizing antibodies (nAbs), the popular antiviral drugs used for the treatment of COVID-19, are effective in reducing viral load and hospitalization. Currently, most nAbs are screened from convalescent or vaccinated individuals through single B-cell sequencing which requires cutting-edge facilities. Moreover, owing to the rapid mutation of SARS-CoV-2, some approved nAbs are no longer effective. In the present study, we designed a new approach to acquiring broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) from mRNA-vaccinated mice. Using the flexibility and speed of mRNA vaccine preparation, we designed a chimeric mRNA vaccine and sequential immunization strategies to acquire bnAbs in mice within a short period. By comparing different vaccination orders, we found that the initially administered vaccine had a greater effect on the neutralizing potency of mouse sera. Ultimately, we screened a strain of bnAb that neutralized wild-type, Beta, and Delta SARS-CoV-2 pseudoviruses. We synthesized the mRNAs of the heavy and light chains of this antibody and verified its neutralizing potency. This study developed a new strategy to screen for bnAbs in mRNA-vaccinated mice and identified a more effective immunization strategy for inducing bnAbs, providing valuable insights for future antibody drug development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15051412","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,5]],"date-time":"2023-05-05T08:12:11Z","timestamp":1683274331000},"page":"1412","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Screening of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Targeting the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein by mRNA Immunization in Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Zhiyin","family":"An","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanan","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China"},{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guoming","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai RNACure Biopharma Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200438, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuemei","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8461-6974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yingjie","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2023, February 07). WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard. Available online: https:\/\/dashboards-dev.sprinklr.com."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)13967-0","article-title":"Newly discovered coronavirus as the primary cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome","volume":"362","author":"Kuiken","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14630-2","article-title":"Epidemiology and cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Guangdong, People\u2019s Republic of China, in February, 2003","volume":"362","author":"Zhong","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1814","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1211721","article-title":"Isolation of a novel coronavirus from a man with pneumonia in Saudi Arabia","volume":"367","author":"Zaki","year":"2012","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2021.03.043","article-title":"The dawn of mRNA vaccines: The COVID-19 case","volume":"333","author":"Verbeke","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-00950-y","article-title":"Advances in COVID-19 mRNA vaccine development","volume":"7","author":"Fang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal. Transduct. Target"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.02.030","article-title":"Novel approaches for vaccine development","volume":"184","author":"Gebre","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e068632","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2021-068632","article-title":"Efficacy of covid-19 vaccines in immunocompromised patients: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"376","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2212","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2105000","article-title":"Vaccine Breakthrough Infections with SARS-CoV-2 Variants","volume":"384","author":"Hacisuleyman","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2109072","article-title":"COVID-19 Breakthrough Infections in Vaccinated Health Care Workers","volume":"385","author":"Bergwerk","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-021-00915-3","article-title":"Effectiveness and safety of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in real-world studies: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Poverty"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2021.7024","article-title":"Association Between Immune Dysfunction and COVID-19 Breakthrough Infection After SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination in the US","volume":"182","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.03.045","article-title":"Structural and Functional Basis of SARS-CoV-2 Entry by Using Human ACE2","volume":"181","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb2762","article-title":"Structural basis for the recognition of SARS-CoV-2 by full-length human ACE2","volume":"367","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2179-y","article-title":"Structural basis of receptor recognition by SARS-CoV-2","volume":"581","author":"Shang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2571-7","article-title":"Potent neutralizing antibodies against multiple epitopes on SARS-CoV-2 spike","volume":"584","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2293","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-021-00752-2","article-title":"Neutralizing antibodies for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19","volume":"18","author":"Du","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2119451","article-title":"COVID-19 Vaccine Effectiveness against the Omicron (B.1.1.529) Variant","volume":"386","author":"Andrews","year":"2022","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04399-5","article-title":"Activity of convalescent and vaccine serum against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron","volume":"602","author":"Alshammary","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2108891","article-title":"Effectiveness of COVID-19 Vaccines against the B.1.617.2 (Delta) Variant","volume":"385","author":"Andrews","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6984","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2021.10.038","article-title":"COVID-19 vaccine - Long term immune decline and breakthrough infections","volume":"39","author":"Khoury","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2021.1953403","article-title":"Antibody titres decline 3-month post-vaccination with BNT162b2","volume":"10","author":"Favresse","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2259","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2103916","article-title":"Antibody Persistence through 6 Months after the Second Dose of mRNA-1273 Vaccine for COVID-19","volume":"384","author":"Suthar","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abj4176","article-title":"Durability of mRNA-1273 vaccine-induced antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 variants","volume":"373","author":"Pegu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945448","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.945448","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 pre-exposure prophylaxis: A potential COVID-19 preventive strategy for high-risk populations, including healthcare workers, immunodeficient individuals, and poor vaccine responders","volume":"10","author":"Ouyang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2023, April 20). Coronavirus (COVID-19) Drugs, Available online: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/drugs\/emergency-preparedness-drugs\/coronavirus-covid-19-drugs."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6079","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jcim.1c01242","article-title":"N501Y and K417N Mutations in the Spike Protein of SARS-CoV-2 Alter the Interactions with Both hACE2 and Human-Derived Antibody: A Free Energy of Perturbation Retrospective Study","volume":"61","author":"Fratev","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Chem. Inf. Model."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.01.014","article-title":"Identification of SARS-CoV-2 spike mutations that attenuate monoclonal and serum antibody neutralization","volume":"29","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-021-02728-4","article-title":"Ten emerging SARS-CoV-2 spike variants exhibit variable infectivity, animal tropism, and antibody neutralization","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04411-y","article-title":"Rapid epidemic expansion of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in southern Africa","volume":"603","author":"Viana","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04594-4","article-title":"Antibody evasion properties of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron sublineages","volume":"604","author":"Iketani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04388-0","article-title":"Striking antibody evasion manifested by the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"602","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04389-z","article-title":"Considerable escape of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron to antibody neutralization","volume":"602","author":"Planas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2120976119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2120976119","article-title":"Structural insights of a highly potent pan-neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 human monoclonal antibody","volume":"119","author":"Torres","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.110812","article-title":"LY-CoV1404 (bebtelovimab) potently neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 variants","volume":"39","author":"Westendorf","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.109353","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of cross-neutralizing coronavirus antibodies from COVID-19+ subjects","volume":"36","author":"Jennewein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2349-y","article-title":"Cross-neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 by a human monoclonal SARS-CoV antibody","volume":"583","author":"Pinto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-020-00392-7","article-title":"A COVID-19 mRNA vaccine encoding SARS-CoV-2 virus-like particles induces a strong antiviral-like immune response in mice","volume":"30","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-018-0284-0","article-title":"Restoration of tumour-growth suppression in vivo via systemic nanoparticle-mediated delivery of PTEN mRNA","volume":"2","author":"Islam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2016.09.006","article-title":"Efficacy and immunogenicity of unmodified and pseudouridine-modified mRNA delivered systemically with lipid nanoparticles in vivo","volume":"109","author":"Kauffman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2010.08.006","article-title":"Generation of VSV pseudotypes using recombinant \u0394G-VSV for studies on virus entry, identification of entry inhibitors, and immune responses to vaccines","volume":"169","author":"Whitt","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e488","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(21)00174-9","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 spike and its adaptable furin cleavage site","volume":"2","author":"Whittaker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(63)92585-6","article-title":"Foreign nucleic acids as the stimulus to make interferon","volume":"2","author":"Isaacs","year":"1963","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2005.06.008","article-title":"Suppression of RNA recognition by Toll-like receptors: The impact of nucleoside modification and the evolutionary origin of RNA","volume":"23","author":"Buckstein","year":"2005","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2772-0","article-title":"Receptor binding and priming of the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 for membrane fusion","volume":"588","author":"Benton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1743767","article-title":"Establishment and validation of a pseudovirus neutralization assay for SARS-CoV-2","volume":"9","author":"Nie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00250","article-title":"Immunologic Basis for Long HCDR3s in Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Against HIV-1","volume":"5","author":"Yu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc6952","article-title":"A neutralizing human antibody binds to the N-terminal domain of the Spike protein of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"369","author":"Chi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03720-y","article-title":"In vivo monoclonal antibody efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 variant strains","volume":"596","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.11.007","article-title":"Complete Mapping of Mutations to the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Receptor-Binding Domain that Escape Antibody Recognition","volume":"29","author":"Greaney","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abj3321","article-title":"Broad betacoronavirus neutralization by a stem helix-specific human antibody","volume":"373","author":"Pinto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2806","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-16638-2","article-title":"Two linear epitopes on the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein that elicit neutralising antibodies in COVID-19 patients","volume":"11","author":"Poh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-022-01155-3","article-title":"Neutralization mechanism of a human antibody with pan-coronavirus reactivity including SARS-CoV-2","volume":"7","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abq3773","article-title":"Broadly neutralizing antibodies target the coronavirus fusion peptide","volume":"377","author":"Dacon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abq2679","article-title":"ACE2-binding exposes the SARS-CoV-2 fusion peptide to broadly neutralizing coronavirus antibodies","volume":"377","author":"Low","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01678-y","article-title":"An infectious SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.529 Omicron virus escapes neutralization by therapeutic monoclonal antibodies","volume":"28","author":"VanBlargan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5469","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-25480-z","article-title":"A potent SARS-CoV-2 neutralising nanobody shows therapeutic efficacy in the Syrian golden hamster model of COVID-19","volume":"12","author":"Huo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1038\/s41589-021-00832-4","article-title":"Rapid generation of potent antibodies by autonomous hypermutation in yeast","volume":"17","author":"Wellner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabj5413","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abj5413","article-title":"Bispecific antibodies targeting distinct regions of the spike protein potently neutralize SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern","volume":"13","author":"Cho","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03461-y","article-title":"Bispecific IgG neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 variants and prevents escape in mice","volume":"593","author":"Pedotti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2548-6","article-title":"Potently neutralizing and protective human antibodies against SARS-CoV-2","volume":"584","author":"Zost","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abi4506","article-title":"Chimeric spike mRNA vaccines protect against Sarbecovirus challenge in mice","volume":"373","author":"Martinez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2022.10.021","article-title":"Chimeric mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccine induces protective immunity against Omicron and Delta variants","volume":"30","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Nucleic Acids"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103761","article-title":"Heterologous ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and BNT162b2 prime-boost vaccination elicits potent neutralizing antibody responses and T cell reactivity against prevalent SARS-CoV-2 variants","volume":"75","author":"Zanoni","year":"2022","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00094-0","article-title":"Heterologous versus homologous COVID-19 booster vaccination in previous recipients of two doses of CoronaVac COVID-19 vaccine in Brazil (RHH-001): A phase 4, non-inferiority, single blind, randomised study","volume":"399","author":"Weckx","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01704-7","article-title":"Neutralizing antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant BA.1 following homologous and heterologous CoronaVac or BNT162b2 vaccination","volume":"28","author":"Cheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14630","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms14630","article-title":"Administration of nucleoside-modified mRNA encoding broadly neutralizing antibody protects humanized mice from HIV-1 challenge","volume":"8","author":"Pardi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1192819","article-title":"Structural basis for broad and potent neutralization of HIV-1 by antibody VRC01","volume":"329","author":"Zhou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4356","article-title":"Elimination of large tumors in mice by mRNA-encoded bispecific antibodies","volume":"23","author":"Stadler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3999","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-06508-3","article-title":"Engineered mRNA-expressed antibodies prevent respiratory syncytial virus infection","volume":"9","author":"Tiwari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2224","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01573-6","article-title":"A phase 1 trial of lipid-encapsulated mRNA encoding a monoclonal antibody with neutralizing activity against Chikungunya virus","volume":"27","author":"August","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Med."}],"container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/15\/5\/1412\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:29:44Z","timestamp":1760124584000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/15\/5\/1412"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,5]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["pharmaceutics15051412"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics15051412","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4923"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4923","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,5]]}}}