{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:22:19Z","timestamp":1789431739660,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,8]],"date-time":"2023-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002809","name":"Generalitat of Catalonia, Industrial Doctorate Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020 DI 97"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020 DI 97"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alternative formulations need to be developed to improve the efficacy of treatments administered via the vaginal route. Mucoadhesive gels with disulfiram, a molecule that was originally approved as an antialcoholism drug, offer an attractive alternative to treat vaginal candidiasis. The aim of the current study was to develop and optimize a mucoadhesive drug delivery system for the local administration of disulfiram. Such formulations were composed of polyethylene glycol and carrageenan to improve the mucoadhesive and mechanical properties and to prolong the residence time in the vaginal cavity. Microdilution susceptibility testing showed that these gels had antifungal activity against Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis, and Nakaseomyces glabratus. The physicochemical properties of the gels were characterized, and the in vitro release and permeation profiles were investigated with vertical diffusion Franz cells. After quantification, it was determined that the amount of the drug retained in the pig vaginal epithelium was sufficient to treat candidiasis infection. Together, our findings suggest that mucoadhesive disulfiram gels have the potential to be an effective alternative treatment for vaginal candidiasis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15051436","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,9]],"date-time":"2023-05-09T01:06:28Z","timestamp":1683594388000},"page":"1436","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Repurposing Disulfiram as an Antifungal Agent: Development of a New Disulfiram Vaginal Mucoadhesive Gel"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4080-3516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Lajarin-Reinares","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Campus Microbiology Unit, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain"},{"name":"R & D Development, Reig Jofre Laboratories, 08970 Sant Joan Desp\u00ed, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5026-1311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iria","family":"Naveira-Souto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R & D Development, Reig Jofre Laboratories, 08970 Sant Joan Desp\u00ed, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9316-8459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mireia","family":"Mallandrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9238-187X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joaquim","family":"Su\u00f1er-Carb\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Montserrat","family":"Llagostera Casas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Campus Microbiology Unit, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Angels","family":"Calvo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8224-2932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Fernandez-Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R & D Department, Labiana Pharmaceuticals, 08757 Corbera Llobregat, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.3109\/10717544.2014.928760","article-title":"Advanced topical drug delivery system for the management of vaginal candidiasis","volume":"23","author":"Johal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14095","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-50410-x","article-title":"Diversity of vaginal microbiome and metabolome during genital infections","volume":"9","author":"Ceccarani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. 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