{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T02:37:36Z","timestamp":1794019056910,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,17]],"date-time":"2023-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684281600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation","award":["075-15-2021-1363"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["075-15-2021-1363"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a highly versatile class of ordered porous materials, which hold great promise for different biomedical applications, including antibacterial therapy. In light of the antibacterial effects, these nanomaterials can be attractive for several reasons. First, MOFs exhibit a high loading capacity for numerous antibacterial drugs, including antibiotics, photosensitizers, and\/or photothermal molecules. The inherent micro- or meso-porosity of MOF structures enables their use as nanocarriers for simultaneous encapsulation of multiple drugs resulting in a combined therapeutic effect. In addition to being encapsulated into an MOF\u2019s pores, antibacterial agents can sometimes be directly incorporated into an MOF skeleton as organic linkers. Next, MOFs contain coordinated metal ions in their structure. Incorporation of Fe2\/3+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Co2+, and Ag+ can significantly increase the innate cytotoxicity of these materials for bacteria and cause a synergistic effect. Finally, abundance of functional groups enables modifying the external surface of MOF particles with stealth coating and ligand moieties for improved drug delivery. To date, there are a number of MOF-based nanomedicines available for the treatment of bacterial infections. This review is focused on biomedical consideration of MOF nano-formulations designed for the therapy of intracellular infections such as Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Chlamydia trachomatis. Increasing knowledge about the ability of MOF nanoparticles to accumulate in a pathogen intracellular niche in the host cells provides an excellent opportunity to use MOF-based nanomedicines for the eradication of persistent infections. Here, we discuss advantages and current limitations of MOFs, their clinical significance, and their prospects for the treatment of the mentioned infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15051521","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]],"date-time":"2023-05-18T06:00:29Z","timestamp":1684389629000},"page":"1521","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Metal-Organic Framework-Based Nanomedicines for the Treatment of Intracellular Bacterial Infections"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Xiaoli","family":"Qi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ningfei","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aya","family":"Al Othman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandre","family":"Mezentsev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anastasia","family":"Permyakova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhihao","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Porous Materials from Paris (IMAP), Ecole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure, ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL University, 75006 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0244-9939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mathilde","family":"Lepoitevin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Porous Materials from Paris (IMAP), Ecole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure, ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL University, 75006 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Serre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Porous Materials from Paris (IMAP), Ecole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure, ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL University, 75006 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7894-7451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mikhail","family":"Durymanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia"},{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2017.12.010","article-title":"Nanomaterials and Molecular Transporters to Overcome the Bacterial Envelope Barrier: Towards Advanced Delivery of Antibiotics","volume":"136","author":"Santos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. 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