{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T04:36:12Z","timestamp":1790829372309,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":152,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,20]],"date-time":"2023-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684540800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["1 R21 AG072487-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1 R21 AG072487-01"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["1 R21 AG080246-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1 R21 AG080246-01"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["Award #2020-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Award #2020-02"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["1 R21 AG072487-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1 R21 AG072487-01"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["1 R21 AG080246-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1 R21 AG080246-01"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["Award #2020-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Award #2020-02"]}]},{"name":"AFTD Holloway Postdoctoral Fellowship","award":["1 R21 AG072487-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1 R21 AG072487-01"]}]},{"name":"AFTD Holloway Postdoctoral Fellowship","award":["1 R21 AG080246-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1 R21 AG080246-01"]}]},{"name":"AFTD Holloway Postdoctoral Fellowship","award":["Award #2020-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Award #2020-02"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The rapid increase in drug-resistant and multidrug-resistant infections poses a serious challenge to antimicrobial therapies, and has created a global health crisis. Since antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have escaped bacterial resistance throughout evolution, AMPs are a category of potential alternatives for antibiotic-resistant \u201csuperbugs\u201d. The Chromogranin A (CgA)-derived peptide Catestatin (CST: hCgA352\u2013372; bCgA344\u2013364) was initially identified in 1997 as an acute nicotinic-cholinergic antagonist. Subsequently, CST was established as a pleiotropic hormone. In 2005, it was reported that N-terminal 15 amino acids of bovine CST (bCST1\u201315 aka cateslytin) exert antibacterial, antifungal, and antiyeast effects without showing any hemolytic effects. In 2017, D-bCST1\u201315 (where L-amino acids were changed to D-amino acids) was shown to exert very effective antimicrobial effects against various bacterial strains. Beyond antimicrobial effects, D-bCST1\u201315 potentiated (additive\/synergistic) antibacterial effects of cefotaxime, amoxicillin, and methicillin. Furthermore, D-bCST1\u201315 neither triggered bacterial resistance nor elicited cytokine release. The present review will highlight the antimicrobial effects of CST, bCST1\u201315 (aka cateslytin), D-bCST1\u201315, and human variants of CST (Gly364Ser-CST and Pro370Leu-CST); evolutionary conservation of CST in mammals; and their potential as a therapy for antibiotic-resistant \u201csuperbugs\u201d.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15051550","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,22]],"date-time":"2023-05-22T01:31:46Z","timestamp":1684719106000},"page":"1550","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Catestatin: Antimicrobial Functions and Potential Therapeutics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Suborno","family":"Jati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sumana","family":"Mahata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soumita","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Nutritional Science, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1649-7149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saurabh","family":"Chatterjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sushil K.","family":"Mahata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA"},{"name":"VA San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA 92161, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1038\/415389a","article-title":"Antimicrobial peptides of multicellular organisms","volume":"415","author":"Zasloff","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(92)90222-N","article-title":"The Chromogranins A and B: The first 25 years and future perspectives","volume":"49","author":"Winkler","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.2007.01806.x","article-title":"Chromogranins A and B and secretogranin II: Evolutionary and functional aspects","volume":"192","author":"Vaingankar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. 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