{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T16:35:10Z","timestamp":1788194110679,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]],"date-time":"2023-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684972800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"a non-restricted funding from Research Prevention of Blindness to Wilmer Eye Institute"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dendrimers are biocompatible organic nanomaterials with unique physicochemical properties, making them the focus of recent research in drug delivery. The cornea of the human eye presents a challenge for drug transit due to its inherently impenetrable nature, requiring nanocarrier-mediated targeted drug delivery. This review intends to examine recent advancements in the use of dendrimers for corneal drug delivery, including their properties and their potential for treating various ocular diseases. The review will also highlight the benefit of the novel technologies that have been developed and applied in the field, such as corneal targeting, drug release kinetics, treatments for dry eye disease, antibacterial drug delivery, corneal inflammation, and corneal tissue engineering. The review seeks to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of research in this field, along with the translational developments in the field of dendrimer-based therapeutics and imaging agents and inspire the potential for future developments and translational opportunities in dendrimers based corneal drug delivery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15061591","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]],"date-time":"2023-05-25T02:58:48Z","timestamp":1684983528000},"page":"1591","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Dendrimers in Corneal Drug Delivery: Recent Developments and Translational Opportunities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Anubhav","family":"Dhull","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carson","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Nanomedicine, Wilmer Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"},{"name":"Cornea Division, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex Hunter","family":"Wilmoth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minjie","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Nanomedicine, Wilmer Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"},{"name":"Cornea Division, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anjali","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Yiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Nanomedicine, Wilmer Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"},{"name":"Cornea Division, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.119.256933","article-title":"Ocular Drug Delivery: Present Innovations and Future Challenges","volume":"370","author":"Gote","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pathak, Y., Sutariya, V., and Hirani, A.A. (2016). Nano-Biomaterials for Ophthalmic Drug Delivery, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-29346-2"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1080\/17425247.2022.2108397","article-title":"Long-acting ocular drug delivery technologies with clinical precedent","volume":"19","author":"Nagapudi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2005.09.049","article-title":"Iontophoresis: A non-invasive ocular drug delivery","volume":"110","author":"Domb","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Control. Release Off. J. Control. Release Soc."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2543","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.03-1294","article-title":"Delivery of gentamicin to the rabbit eye by drug-loaded hydrogel iontophoresis","volume":"45","author":"Raiskup","year":"2004","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ico.0000243959.14651.18","article-title":"Iontophoretic treatment of experimental pseudomonas keratitis in rabbit eyes using gentamicin-loaded hydrogels","volume":"25","author":"Raiskup","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2017.09.008","article-title":"Overcoming ocular drug delivery barriers through the use of physical forces","volume":"126","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"1349","article-title":"Drug delivery into the eye with the use of ultrasound","volume":"23","author":"Zderic","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound Med. Off. J. Am. Inst. Ultrasound Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/2050-5736-2-6","article-title":"Ultrasound-enhanced ocular delivery of dexamethasone sodium phosphate: An in vivo study","volume":"2","author":"Nabili","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Ther. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4038","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-0066","article-title":"Coated microneedles for drug delivery to the eye","volume":"48","author":"Jiang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.5301\/ejo.5000159","article-title":"Effect of topical pressure-lowering medication on prevention of intraocular pressure spikes after intravitreal injection","volume":"23","author":"Agard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2012.0232","article-title":"Dendrimer nanoparticles for ocular drug delivery","volume":"29","author":"Kambhampati","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Ocul. Pharmacol. Ther. Off. J. Assoc. Ocul. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"1","article-title":"Dendrimers as tunable vectors of drug delivery systems and biomedical and ocular applications","volume":"11","author":"Kalomiraki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1039\/B901839P","article-title":"Biomedical applications of dendrimers: A tutorial","volume":"40","author":"Mintzer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jics.2022.100514","article-title":"Synthetic strategy of dendrimers: A review","volume":"99","author":"Patel","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Indian Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2023.01.018","article-title":"Nanotechnology based drug delivery systems for the treatment of anterior segment eye diseases","volume":"354","author":"Onugwu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Control. Release Off. J. Control. Release Soc."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Orash Mahmoud Salehi, A., Heidari-Keshel, S., Poursamar, S.A., Zarrabi, A., Sefat, F., Mamidi, N., Behrouz, M.J., and Rafienia, M. (2022). Bioprinted Membranes for Corneal Tissue Engineering: A Review. Pharmaceutics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14122797"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arkas, M., Vardavoulias, M., Kythreoti, G., and Giannakoudakis, D.A. (2023). Dendritic Polymers in Tissue Engineering: Contributions of PAMAM, PPI PEG and PEI to Injury Restoration and Bioactive Scaffold Evolution. Pharmaceutics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15020524"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2007). The Definition and Classification of Dry Eye Disease: Report of the Definition and Classification Subcommittee of the International Dry Eye Workshop (2007). Ocul. Surf., 5, 75\u201392.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1542-0124(12)70081-2"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2018.05.004","article-title":"Subconjunctival dendrimer-drug therapy for the treatment of dry eye in a rabbit model of induced autoimmune dacryoadenitis","volume":"16","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ocul. Surf."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2012.03.020","article-title":"Aging and dry eye disease","volume":"47","author":"Ding","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.10.008","article-title":"Complexity of the tear film: Importance in homeostasis and dysfunction during disease","volume":"117","author":"Dartt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2016.12.013","article-title":"Pathogenesis of microbial keratitis","volume":"104","author":"Lakhundi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfo.2017.08.001","article-title":"Fungal keratitis","volume":"40","author":"Bourcier","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Fran\u00e7ais D\u2019ophtalmologie"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2021.08.002","article-title":"Fungal keratitis: Mechanisms of infection and management strategies","volume":"67","author":"Donovan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.4103\/0301-4738.53051","article-title":"Review of epidemiological features, microbiological diagnosis and treatment outcome of microbial keratitis: Experience of over a decade","volume":"57","author":"Gopinathan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Indian J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjoto.2009.02.013","article-title":"Atypical Cogan\u2019s syndrome: A case report","volume":"31","author":"Ying","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"6","article-title":"Cogan\u2019s Syndrome","volume":"59","author":"Iliescu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rom. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"2514","article-title":"Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Its Receptors in Inflamed and Vascularized Human Corneas","volume":"41","author":"Philipp","year":"2000","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108363","article-title":"Corneal neovascularization","volume":"202","author":"Nicholas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4044","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-24428","article-title":"The Corneal Basement Membranes and Stromal Fibrosis","volume":"59","author":"Medeiros","year":"2018","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.280318","article-title":"Conjunctivitis: A systematic review of diagnosis and treatment","volume":"310","author":"Azari","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.4274\/tjo.galenos.2020.11456","article-title":"Current Knowledge in Allergic Conjunctivitis","volume":"51","author":"Villegas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Turk. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108033","article-title":"Bowman\u2019s layer in the cornea- structure and function and regeneration","volume":"195","author":"Wilson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2015.04.002","article-title":"Chapter Three\u2014Stem Cells in the Cornea","volume":"Volume 134","author":"Hejtmancik","year":"2015","journal-title":"Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_646_17","article-title":"Anatomy of cornea and ocular surface","volume":"66","author":"Sridhar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2015.07.001","article-title":"Corneal structure and transparency","volume":"49","author":"Meek","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2010.06.021","article-title":"The molecular basis of corneal transparency","volume":"91","author":"Hassell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2021.03.010","article-title":"A single cell atlas of human cornea that defines its development, limbal progenitor cells and their interactions with the immune cells","volume":"21","author":"Collin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ocul. Surf."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2015.04.002","article-title":"Stem Cells in the Cornea","volume":"134","author":"Hertsenberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog. Mol. Biol. Transl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.07.027","article-title":"Tear film mucins: Front line defenders of the ocular surface; comparison with airway and gastrointestinal tract mucins","volume":"117","author":"Hodges","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2016.02.020","article-title":"Tear film lipid layer: A molecular level view","volume":"1858","author":"Cwiklik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA)\u2014Biomembr."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109006","article-title":"Topical ocular drug delivery systems: Innovations for an unmet need","volume":"218","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2016.10.009","article-title":"Lipid nanoparticles (SLN, NLC): Overcoming the anatomical and physiological barriers of the eye\u2014Part I\u2014Barriers and determining factors in ocular delivery","volume":"110","author":"Espina","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1208\/s12248-010-9183-3","article-title":"Ocular drug delivery","volume":"12","author":"Gaudana","year":"2010","journal-title":"AAPS J."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2385","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-020-01391-8","article-title":"Sustained subconjunctival drug delivery systems: Current trends and future perspectives","volume":"40","author":"Rafiei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gautam, M., Gupta, R., Singh, P., Verma, V., Verma, S., Mittal, P., Karkhur, S., Sampath, A., Mohan, R.R., and Sharma, B. (2023). Intracameral Drug Delivery: A Review of Agents, Indications, and Outcomes. J. Ocul. Pharmacol. Ther. Off. J. Assoc. Ocul. Pharmacol. Ther.","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2022.0144"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2012.09.030","article-title":"Dendrimers in biomedical applications\u2014Reflections on the field","volume":"64","author":"Svenson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caminade, A.M. (2022). Dendrimers, an Emerging Opportunity in Personalized Medicine?. J. Pers. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12081334"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16987","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules200916987","article-title":"Designing Dendrimer and Miktoarm Polymer Based Multi-Tasking Nanocarriers for Efficient Medical Therapy","volume":"20","author":"Sharma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1055\/s-1978-24702","article-title":"\u2018Cascade\u2019- and \u2018nonskid-chain-like\u2019 syntheses of molecular cavity topologies","volume":"1978","author":"Buhleier","year":"1978","journal-title":"Synthesis"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00264a054","article-title":"Chemistry of micelles series. Part 2. Cascade molecules. Synthesis and characterization of a benzene[9]3-arborol","volume":"108","author":"Newkome","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1295\/polymj.17.117","article-title":"A New Class of Polymers: Starburst-Dendritic Macromolecules","volume":"17","author":"Tomalia","year":"1985","journal-title":"Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hawker, C., and Fr\u00e9chet, J.M.J. (1990). A new convergent approach to monodisperse dendritic macromolecules. J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun., 1010\u20131013.","DOI":"10.1039\/C39900001010"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4593","DOI":"10.1039\/c2cs35062a","article-title":"Simplifying the synthesis of dendrimers: Accelerated approaches","volume":"41","author":"Walter","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9263","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules20059263","article-title":"Recent advances in click chemistry applied to dendrimer synthesis","volume":"20","author":"Arseneault","year":"2015","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nemeth, C.L., G\u00f6k, \u00d6., Tomlinson, S.N., Sharma, A., Moser, A.B., Kannan, S., Kannan, R.M., and Fatemi, A. (2022). Targeted Brain Delivery of Dendrimer-4-Phenylbutyrate Ameliorates Neurological Deficits in a Long-Term ABCD1-Deficient Mouse Model of X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy. Neurotherapeutics.","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-022-01311-x"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tallon, C., Bell, B.J., Sharma, A., Pal, A., Malvankar, M.M., Thomas, A.G., Yoo, S.-W., Hollinger, K.R., Coleman, K., and Wilkinson, E.L. (2022). Dendrimer-Conjugated nSMase2 Inhibitor Reduces Tau Propagation in Mice. Pharmaceutics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14102066"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2022.2109286","article-title":"Mitophagy initiates retrograde mitochondrial-nuclear signaling to guide retinal pigment cell heterogeneity","volume":"19","author":"Datta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2021.07.018","article-title":"Glycosylation of PAMAM dendrimers significantly improves tumor macrophage targeting and specificity in glioblastoma","volume":"337","author":"Sharma","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Le, N.T.T., Nguyen, T.N.Q., Cao, V.D., Hoang, D.T., Ngo, V.C., and Hoang Thi, T.T. (2019). Recent Progress and Advances of Multi-Stimuli-Responsive Dendrimers in Drug Delivery for Cancer Treatment. Pharmaceutics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics11110591"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/164_2016_84","article-title":"Ocular Drug Delivery","volume":"242","author":"Yavuz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Handb. Exp. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1089\/108076801753162807","article-title":"Review: Practical issues in intravitreal drug delivery","volume":"17","author":"Maurice","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Ocul. Pharmacol. Ther. Off. J. Assoc. Ocul. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6257(02)00326-0","article-title":"Drug delivery to the posterior segment from drops","volume":"47","author":"Maurice","year":"2002","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1139\/cjc-2017-0193","article-title":"Dendrimers for Ocular Drug Delivery","volume":"95","author":"Lancina","year":"2017","journal-title":"Can. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0000000000000874","article-title":"Polymeric Drug Delivery Devices: Role in Cornea and External Disease","volume":"48","author":"Roy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.15171\/bi.2015.31","article-title":"Hydrogels for ocular drug delivery and tissue engineering","volume":"5","author":"Fathi","year":"2015","journal-title":"BioImpacts BI"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.2000.01339.x","article-title":"Local bioactive tumour necrosis factor (TNF) in corneal allotransplantation","volume":"122","author":"Rayner","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.gt.3300886","article-title":"Activated polyamidoamine dendrimers, a non-viral vector for gene transfer to the corneal endothelium","volume":"6","author":"Hudde","year":"1999","journal-title":"Gene Ther."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2966","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00182","article-title":"Novel Water-Soluble Mucoadhesive Carbosilane Dendrimers for Ocular Administration","volume":"13","author":"Ponchel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2010.0196","article-title":"Effects of Poly(amidoamine) Dendrimers on Ocular Absorption of Puerarin Using Microdialysis","volume":"27","author":"Yao","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Ocul. Pharmacol. Ther. Off. J. Assoc. Ocul. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.33.1371","article-title":"Effect of poly(amidoamine) dendrimers on corneal penetration of puerarin","volume":"33","author":"Yao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2014.12.037","article-title":"Transcorneal iontophoresis of dendrimers: PAMAM corneal penetration and dexamethasone delivery","volume":"200","author":"Souza","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Control. Release Off. J. Control. Release Soc."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1714","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.201504355","article-title":"A Divalent PAMAM-Based Matrix Metalloproteinase\/Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor for the Treatment of Dry Eye Syndrome","volume":"22","author":"Richichi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chemistry"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2017.02.016","article-title":"Subconjunctival injectable dendrimer-dexamethasone gel for the treatment of corneal inflammation","volume":"125","author":"Soiberman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1980.01020040625007","article-title":"Effect of Corticosteroids on Cataract Formation","volume":"98","author":"Skalka","year":"1980","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7595","DOI":"10.1021\/nn301873v","article-title":"Hybrid dendrimer hydrogel\/PLGA nanoparticle platform sustains drug delivery for one week and antiglaucoma effects for four days following one-time topical administration","volume":"6","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1080\/02652040802095250","article-title":"Sustained delivery of timolol maleate from poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)\/poly(lactic acid) microspheres for over 3 months","volume":"26","author":"Bertram","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Microencapsul."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1166\/jbn.2017.2436","article-title":"Mildly Cross-Linked Dendrimer Hydrogel Prepared via Aza-Michael Addition Reaction for Topical Brimonidine Delivery","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pagano, L., Shah, H., Al Ibrahim, O., Gadhvi, K.A., Coco, G., Lee, J.W., Kaye, S.B., Levis, H.J., Hamill, K.J., and Semeraro, F. (2022). Update on Suture Techniques in Corneal Transplantation: A Systematic Review. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11041078"},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"4993","article-title":"Dendrimer Hydrogels as New Alternative for the Repair of Clear Corneal Incisions","volume":"46","author":"Wathier","year":"2005","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2006.04.022","article-title":"Dendrimer crosslinked collagen as a corneal tissue engineering scaffold: Mechanical properties and corneal epithelial cell interactions","volume":"27","author":"Duan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2006.08.034","article-title":"Biofunctionalization of collagen for improved biological response: Scaffolds for corneal tissue engineering","volume":"28","author":"Duan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15346","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2536767100","article-title":"Cellular and nerve regeneration within a biosynthetic extracellular matrix for corneal transplantation","volume":"100","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2007.08.041","article-title":"Designing hydrogel adhesives for corneal wound repair","volume":"28","author":"Grinstaff","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1962","DOI":"10.1080\/09205063.2014.965996","article-title":"Fabrication and characterization of chitosan\u2013collagen crosslinked membranes for corneal tissue engineering","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-012-4666-7","article-title":"Hydrogel membranes based on genipin-cross-linked chitosan blends for corneal epithelium tissue engineering","volume":"23","author":"Grolik","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.34128","article-title":"Heparin-modified dendrimer crosslinked collagen matrices for the delivery of heparin-binding epidermal growth factor","volume":"100","author":"Princz","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1002\/term.24","article-title":"State of the art and future directions of scaffold-based bone engineering from a biomaterials perspective","volume":"1","author":"Hutmacher","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Z.-J., Daftarian, P., Kovalski, L., Wang, B., Tian, R., Castilla, D.M., Dikici, E., Perez, V.L., Deo, S., and Daunert, S. (2016). Directing and Potentiating Stem Cell-Mediated Angiogenesis and Tissue Repair by Cell Surface E-Selectin Coating. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0154053"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3138","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.2c03705","article-title":"Hybrid Nanoparticle System Integrating Tumor-Derived Exosomes and Poly(amidoamine) Dendrimers: Implications for an Effective Gene Delivery Platform","volume":"35","author":"Nair","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-0389","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy for corneal neovascularization using polymeric micelles encapsulating dendrimer porphyrins","volume":"49","author":"Sugisaki","year":"2008","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-198706040-00004","article-title":"Corneal neovascularization. Pathogenesis and inhibition","volume":"6","author":"Epstein","year":"1987","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2004.09.015","article-title":"Poly(amidoamine) dendrimers as ophthalmic vehicles for ocular delivery of pilocarpine nitrate and tropicamide","volume":"102","author":"Vandamme","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5804","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-5388","article-title":"Nanosized Dendritic Polyguanidilyated Translocators for Enhanced Solubility, Permeability, and Delivery of Gatifloxacin","volume":"51","author":"Durairaj","year":"2010","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaay8514","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aay8514","article-title":"Dense hydroxyl polyethylene glycol dendrimer targets activated glia in multiple CNS disorders","volume":"6","author":"Sharma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5529","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.29039","article-title":"Targeting Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress in Activated Microglia using Dendrimer-Based Therapeutics","volume":"8","author":"Sharma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2018.06.003","article-title":"Effect of mannose targeting of hydroxyl PAMAM dendrimers on cellular and organ biodistribution in a neonatal brain injury model","volume":"283","author":"Sharma","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10486","DOI":"10.1002\/btm2.10486","article-title":"Galactosylated hydroxyl-polyamidoamine dendrimer targets hepatocytes and improves therapeutic outcomes in a severe model of acetaminophen poisoning-induced liver failure","volume":"8","author":"Porterfield","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioeng. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2021.05.035","article-title":"Systemic dendrimer nanotherapies for targeted suppression of choroidal inflammation and neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"335","author":"Kambhampati","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Control. Release Off. J. Control. Release Soc."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e3181bc0aac","article-title":"Safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of SPL7013 gel (VivaGel): A dose ranging, phase I study","volume":"37","author":"Millwood","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sex. Transm. Dis."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohen, C.R., Brown, J., Moscicki, A.B., Bukusi, E.A., Paull, J.R., Price, C.F., and Shiboski, S. (2011). A phase I randomized placebo controlled trial of the safety of 3% SPL7013 Gel (VivaGel\u00ae) in healthy young women administered twice daily for 14 days. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0016258"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e328346bd3e","article-title":"Phase 1 randomized trial of the vaginal safety and acceptability of SPL7013 gel (VivaGel) in sexually active young women (MTN-004)","volume":"25","author":"McGowan","year":"2011","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1071\/SH07093","article-title":"Attitudes of men in an Australian male tolerance study towards microbicide use","volume":"5","author":"Holmes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sex. Health"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-021-00505-0","article-title":"A novel BH3-mimetic, AZD0466, targeting BCL-XL and BCL-2 is effective in pre-clinical models of malignant pleural mesothelioma","volume":"7","author":"Arulananda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1002\/btm2.10094","article-title":"Scalable synthesis and validation of PAMAM dendrimer-N-acetyl cysteine conjugate for potential translation","volume":"3","author":"Sharma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioeng. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabo2652","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abo2652","article-title":"Dendrimer nanotherapy for severe COVID-19 attenuates inflammation and neurological injury markers and improves outcomes in a phase2a clinical trial","volume":"14","author":"Gusdon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130ra146","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3003162","article-title":"Dendrimer-Based Postnatal Therapy for Neuroinflammation and Cerebral Palsy in a Rabbit Model","volume":"4","author":"Kannan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10160","DOI":"10.1002\/btm2.10160","article-title":"Dendrimer size effects on the selective brain tumor targeting in orthotopic tumor models upon systemic administration","volume":"5","author":"Liaw","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioeng. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4560","DOI":"10.1021\/mp400371r","article-title":"Biodistribution of Fluorescently Labeled PAMAM Dendrimers in Neonatal Rabbits: Effect of Neuroinflammation","volume":"10","author":"Lesniak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2011.09.010","article-title":"Transepithelial transport and toxicity of PAMAM dendrimers: Implications for oral drug delivery","volume":"64","author":"Sadekar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01159-7","article-title":"Dendrimer-2PMPA Delays Muscle Function Loss and Denervation in a Murine Model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis","volume":"19","author":"Tallon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3574","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.1c00649","article-title":"Rationally Designed Galactose Dendrimer for Hepatocyte-Specific Targeting and Intracellular Drug Delivery for the Treatment of Liver Disorders","volume":"22","author":"Sharma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"}],"container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/15\/6\/1591\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:41:40Z","timestamp":1760125300000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/15\/6\/1591"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]]},"references-count":113,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["pharmaceutics15061591"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics15061591","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4923"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4923","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]]}}}