{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T15:36:21Z","timestamp":1788536181504,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,31]],"date-time":"2023-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685491200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vancomycin is the front-line defense and drug of choice for the most serious and life-threatening methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections. However, poor vancomycin therapeutic practice limits its use, and there is a consequent rise of the threat of vancomycin resistance by complete loss of its antibacterial activity. Nanovesicles as a drug-delivery platform, with their featured capabilities of targeted delivery and cell penetration, are a promising strategy to resolve the shortcomings of vancomycin therapy. However, vancomycin\u2019s physicochemical properties challenge its effective loading. In this study, we used the ammonium sulfate gradient method to enhance vancomycin loading into liposomes. Depending on the pH difference between the extraliposomal vancomycin\u2013Tris buffer solution (pH 9) and the intraliposomal ammonium sulfate solution (pH 5\u20136), vancomycin was actively and successfully loaded into liposomes (up to 65% entrapment efficiency), while the liposomal size was maintained at 155 nm. Vancomycin-loaded nanoliposomes effectively enhanced the bactericidal effect of vancomycin; the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value for MRSA decreased 4.6-fold. Furthermore, they effectively inhibited and killed heteroresistant vancomycin-intermediate S.aureous (h-VISA) with an MIC of 0.338 \u03bcg mL\u22121. Moreover, MRSA could not develop resistance against vancomycin that was loaded into and delivered by liposomes. Vancomycin-loaded nanoliposomes could be a feasible solution for enhancing vancomycin\u2019s therapeutic use and controlling the emerging vancomycin resistance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15061636","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T01:40:56Z","timestamp":1685583656000},"page":"1636","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Controlling the Evolution of Selective Vancomycin Resistance through Successful Ophthalmic Eye-Drop Preparation of Vancomycin-Loaded Nanoliposomes Using the Active-Loading Method"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"El","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Manufacturing, Misr University for Science and Technology, 6th of October City, Giza 12585, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7972-9827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariam","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Galala University, New Galala City, Suez 43511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7635-6842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rehab","family":"Shamma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amna","family":"Makky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3063-3533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Doaa","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Manufacturing, Misr University for Science and Technology, 6th of October City, Giza 12585, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e144","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30489-7","article-title":"Causes of blindness and vision impairment in 2020 and trends over 30 years, and prevalence of avoidable blindness in relation to VISION 2020: The Right to Sight: An analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study","volume":"9","author":"Bourne","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. 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