{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,26]],"date-time":"2026-07-26T02:41:17Z","timestamp":1785033677689,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,18]],"date-time":"2023-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687046400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acute and chronic bone infections, especially those caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), remains a major complication and therapeutic challenge. It is documented that local administration of vancomycin offers better results than the usual routes of administration (e.g., intravenous) when ischemic areas are present. In this work, we evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy against S. aureus and S. epidermidis of a novel hybrid 3D-printed scaffold based on polycaprolactone (PCL) and a chitosan (CS) hydrogel loaded with different vancomycin (Van) concentrations (1, 5, 10, 20%). Two cold plasma treatments were used to improve the adhesion of CS hydrogels to the PCL scaffolds by decreasing PCL hydrophobicity. Vancomycin release was measured by means of HPLC, and the biological response of ah-BM-MSCs growing in the presence of the scaffolds was evaluated in terms of cytotoxicity, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation. The PCL\/CS\/Van scaffolds tested were found to be biocompatible, bioactive, and bactericide, as demonstrated by no cytotoxicity (LDH activity) or functional alteration (ALP activity, alizarin red staining) of the cultured cells and by bacterial inhibition. Our results suggest that the scaffolds developed would be excellent candidates for use in a wide range of biomedical fields such as drug delivery systems or tissue engineering applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15061763","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,19]],"date-time":"2023-06-19T01:59:51Z","timestamp":1687139991000},"page":"1763","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Evaluation of the In Vitro Antimicrobial Efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus and epidermidis of a Novel 3D-Printed Degradable Drug Delivery System Based on Polycaprolactone\/Chitosan\/Vancomycin\u2014Preclinical Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9147-6770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iv\u00e1n","family":"L\u00f3pez-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tissue Regeneration and Repair Group: Orthobiology, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, UCAM\u2014Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Murcia, Campus de los Jer\u00f3nimos 135, Guadalupe, 30107 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1502-5748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Bel\u00e9n","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Heredia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Recognition and Encapsulation Research Group (REM), Health Sciences Department, UCAM\u2014Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Murcia, Campus de los Jer\u00f3nimos 135, Guadalupe, 30107 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3515-4950","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Isabel","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Recognition and Encapsulation Research Group (REM), Health Sciences Department, UCAM\u2014Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Murcia, Campus de los Jer\u00f3nimos 135, Guadalupe, 30107 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Au\u00f1\u00f3n-Calles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Recognition and Encapsulation Research Group (REM), Health Sciences Department, UCAM\u2014Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Murcia, Campus de los Jer\u00f3nimos 135, Guadalupe, 30107 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Boudifa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CRITT\u2014Mat\u00e9riaux Innovation, 9 Rue Claude Chr\u00e9tien, Campus Sup Ardenne, 08000 Charleville-M\u00e9zi\u00e8res, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6649-2920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Antonio","family":"Gabald\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Recognition and Encapsulation Research Group (REM), Health Sciences Department, UCAM\u2014Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Murcia, Campus de los Jer\u00f3nimos 135, Guadalupe, 30107 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3858-8148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Meseguer-Olmo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tissue Regeneration and Repair Group: Orthobiology, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, UCAM\u2014Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Murcia, Campus de los Jer\u00f3nimos 135, Guadalupe, 30107 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2392","DOI":"10.1080\/10717544.2021.1998246","article-title":"Recent advances in the local antibiotics delivery systems for management of osteomyelitis","volume":"28","author":"Wassif","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"257","article-title":"Treatment algorithms for chronic osteomyelitis","volume":"109","author":"Walter","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dtsch. 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