{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T05:08:16Z","timestamp":1792645696941,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":220,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,5]],"date-time":"2023-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688515200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Russian Academy of Sciences"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bacillus licheniformis produces several classes of antimicrobial substances, including bacteriocins, which are peptides or proteins with different structural composition and molecular mass: ribosomally synthesized by bacteria (1.4\u201320 kDa), non-ribosomally synthesized peptides and cyclic lipopeptides (0.8\u201342 kDa) and exopolysaccharides (&gt;1000 kDa). Different bacteriocins act against Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria, fungal pathogens and amoeba cells. The main mechanisms of bacteriocin lytic activity include interaction of peptides with membranes of target cells resulting in structural alterations, pore-forming, and inhibition of cell wall biosynthesis. DNase and RNase activity for some bacteriocines are also postulated. Non-ribosomal peptides are synthesized by special non-ribosomal multimodular peptide synthetases and contain unnatural amino acids or fatty acids. Their harmful effect is due to their ability to form pores in biological membranes, destabilize lipid packaging, and disrupt the peptidoglycan layer. Lipopeptides, as biosurfactants, are able to destroy bacterial biofilms. Secreted polysaccharides are high molecular weight compounds, composed of repeated units of sugar moieties attached to a carrier lipid. Their antagonistic action was revealed in relation to bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Exopolysaccharides also inhibit the formation of biofilms by pathogenic bacteria and prevent their colonization on various surfaces. However, mechanism of the harmful effect for many secreted antibacterial substances remains unknown. The antimicrobial activity for most substances has been studied in vitro only, but some substances have been characterized in vivo and they have found practical applications in medicine and veterinary. The cyclic lipopeptides that have surfactant properties are used in some industries. In this review, special attention is paid to the antimycobacterials produced by B. licheniformis as a possible approach to combat multidrug-resistant and latent tuberculosis. In particular, licheniformins and bacitracins have shown strong antimycobacterial activity. However, the medical application of some antibacterials with promising in vitro antimycobacterial activity has been limited by their toxicity to animals and humans. As such, similar to the enhancement in the antimycobacterial activity of natural bacteriocins achieved using genetic engineering, the reduction in toxicity using the same approach appears feasible. The unique capability of B. licheniformis to synthesize and produce a range of different antibacterial compounds means that this organism can act as a natural universal vehicle for antibiotic substances in the form of probiotic cultures and strains to combat various types of pathogens, including mycobacteria.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15071893","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,6]],"date-time":"2023-07-06T00:34:30Z","timestamp":1688603670000},"page":"1893","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":78,"title":["Bacillus licheniformis: A Producer of Antimicrobial Substances, including Antimycobacterials, Which Are Feasible for Medical Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Margarita O.","family":"Shleeva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Centre \u2018Fundamentals of Biotechnology\u2019, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daria A.","family":"Kondratieva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Centre \u2018Fundamentals of Biotechnology\u2019, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arseny S.","family":"Kaprelyants","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Centre \u2018Fundamentals of Biotechnology\u2019, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1139\/cjm-2018-0275","article-title":"Horizontal Transfer of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Clinical Environments","volume":"65","author":"Lerminiaux","year":"2019","journal-title":"Can. J. 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