{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T15:46:21Z","timestamp":1790178381048,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,6]],"date-time":"2023-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688601600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"IHU FOReSIGHT","award":["ANR-18-IAHU-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-18-IAHU-01"]}]},{"name":"ASTRL","award":["ANR-18-IAHU-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-18-IAHU-01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Systemic drugs can treat various retinal pathologies such as retinal cancers; however, their ocular diffusion may be limited by the blood\u2013retina barrier (BRB). Sonication corresponds to the use of ultrasound (US) to increase the permeability of cell barriers including in the BRB. The objective was to study the efficacy and safety of sonication using microbubble-assisted low-intensity pulsed US in inducing a transient opening of the BRB. The eyes of C57\/BL6J mice were sonicated at different acoustic pressures (0.10 to 0.50 MPa). Efficacy analyses consisted of fluorescein angiography (FA) performed at different timepoints and the size of the leaked molecules was assessed using FITC-marked dextrans. Tolerance was assessed by fundus photographs, optical coherence tomography, immunohistochemistry, RT-qPCR, and electroretinograms. Sonication at 0.15 MPa was the most suitable pressure for transient BRB permeabilization without altering the morphology or function of the retina. It did not increase the expression of inflammation or apoptosis markers in the retina, retinal pigment epithelium, or choroid. The dextran assay suggested that drugs up to 150 kDa in size can cross the BRB. Microbubble-assisted sonication at an optimized acoustic pressure of 0.15 MPa provides a non-invasive method to transiently open the BRB, increasing the retinal diffusion of systemic drugs without inducing any noticeable side-effect.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15071896","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,7]],"date-time":"2023-07-07T02:28:46Z","timestamp":1688696926000},"page":"1896","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Efficacy and Safety of Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound-Induced Blood\u2013Retinal Barrier Opening in Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2995-4579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandre","family":"Bourdin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, INSERM, CNRS, 75012 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manon","family":"Ortoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, INSERM, CNRS, 75012 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Remi","family":"Karadayi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, INSERM, CNRS, 75012 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauriane","family":"Przegralek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, INSERM, CNRS, 75012 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florian","family":"Sennlaub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, INSERM, CNRS, 75012 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bahram","family":"Bodaghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Department, Piti\u00e9 Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re University Hospital, AP-HP, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, 75013 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7379-3935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xavier","family":"Guillonneau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, INSERM, CNRS, 75012 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandre","family":"Carpentier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Piti\u00e9 Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re University Hospital, AP-HP, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, 75013 Paris, France"},{"name":"NeurOn Brain Machine Interface Clinical Research Group, Piti\u00e9 Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re University Hospital, AP-HP, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, 75013 Paris, France"},{"name":"ASTRL Advanced Surgical Technologies Research Laboratory, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, 75013 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8346-3067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Touhami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, INSERM, CNRS, 75012 Paris, France"},{"name":"Ophthalmology Department, Piti\u00e9 Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re University Hospital, AP-HP, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, 75013 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-60761-938-3_5","article-title":"The Blood-Retinal Barrier: Structure and Functional Significance","volume":"Volume 686","author":"Runkle","year":"2011","journal-title":"Methods in Molecular Biology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2014.03.003","article-title":"Acoustic Behavior of Microbubbles and Implications for Drug Delivery","volume":"72","author":"Kooiman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. 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