{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T10:38:10Z","timestamp":1788950290918,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]],"date-time":"2023-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695945600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Apremilast (APM) is a novel drug for the treatment of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. APM is a phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitor, raising intracellular cAMP levels and thereby decreasing the inflammatory response by modulating the expression of TNF-\u03b1, IL-17, IL-23, and other inflammatory cytokines. The goal of this study is to develop APM gels as a new pharmaceutical formulation for the treatment of topical psoriasis. APM was solubilized in Transcutol-P and incorporated into Pluronic F127, Sepigel, and carbomer bases at different proportions. All formulations were characterized physiochemically. A biopharmaceutical study (release profile) was performed, and ex vivo permeation was evaluated using a human skin model. A toxicity assay was carried out on the HaCaT cell line. A mouse model of imiquimod-induced psoriasis skin inflammation was carried out to determine its efficacy by histological analysis, RNA extraction, and RT-qPCR assays. APM gel formulations showed good physicochemical characteristics and a sustained release profile. There was no permeation of any gel measured through human skin, indicating a high retained amount of APM on the skin. Cell viability was greater than 80% at most dilution concentrations. APM gels treated the psoriasis mouse model, and it shows a reduction in the proinflammatory cytokines (IL-8, IL-17A, IL-17F, and IL-23). APM gels could be a new approach for the treatment of topical psoriasis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15102403","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]],"date-time":"2023-09-29T05:48:13Z","timestamp":1695966493000},"page":"2403","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Efficacy of Apremilast Gels in Mouse Model of Imiquimod-Induced Psoriasis Skin Inflammation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9906-049X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcelle","family":"Silva-Abreu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament de Farm\u00e0cia, Tecnologia Farmac\u00e8utica, i Fisicoqu\u00edmica, Facultat de Farm\u00e0cia i Ci\u00e8ncies de l\u2019Alimentaci\u00f3, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institut de Nanoci\u00e8ncia i Nanotecnologia IN2UB, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lilian","family":"Sosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology, National Autonomous University of Honduras (UNAH), Tegucigalpa 11101, Honduras"},{"name":"Microbiology Research Institute, National Autonomous University of Honduras (UNAH), Tegucigalpa 11101, Honduras"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1486-5622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lupe","family":"Espinoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Nanoci\u00e8ncia i Nanotecnologia IN2UB, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica y Ciencias Exactas, Universidad T\u00e9cnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0205-3750","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda-Jos\u00e9","family":"F\u00e1brega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Parc de Recerca Biom\u00e8dica de Barcelona, University Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08005 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7870-8250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Lagunas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), 08921 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9316-8459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mireia","family":"Mallandrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament de Farm\u00e0cia, Tecnologia Farmac\u00e8utica, i Fisicoqu\u00edmica, Facultat de Farm\u00e0cia i Ci\u00e8ncies de l\u2019Alimentaci\u00f3, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institut de Nanoci\u00e8ncia i Nanotecnologia IN2UB, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4989-4821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Calpena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament de Farm\u00e0cia, Tecnologia Farmac\u00e8utica, i Fisicoqu\u00edmica, Facultat de Farm\u00e0cia i Ci\u00e8ncies de l\u2019Alimentaci\u00f3, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institut de Nanoci\u00e8ncia i Nanotecnologia IN2UB, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5041-5587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Gardu\u00f1o-Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Chemical Research, Institute for Research Basic and Applied Sciences, Autonomous University of the State of Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Cuernavaca 62209, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9012-0008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Rinc\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Nanoci\u00e8ncia i Nanotecnologia IN2UB, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Departament de Ci\u00e8ncia de Materials i Qu\u00edmica F\u00edsica, Facultat de Qu\u00edmica, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), C. Mart\u00ed i Franqu\u00e8s 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15931","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.15931","article-title":"Tapinarof for the treatment of psoriasis","volume":"35","author":"Nogueira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dermatol. 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