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The substantial prevalence of LTBI, combined with the risk of progressing to active tuberculosis, underscores its central role in the increasing incidence of tuberculosis (TB). Accurate identification and timely treatment are vital to contain and reduce the spread of the disease, forming a critical component of the global strategy known as \u201cEnd TB.\u201d This review aims to examine and highlight the most recent scientific evidence related to new diagnostic approaches and emerging therapeutic treatments for LTBI. While prevalent diagnostic methods include the tuberculin skin test (TST) and interferon gamma release assay (IGRA), WHO\u2019s approval of two specific IGRAs for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) marked a significant advancement. However, the need for a specific test with global application viability has propelled research into diagnostic tests based on molecular diagnostics, pulmonary immunity, epigenetics, metabolomics, and a current focus on next-generation MTB antigen-based skin test (TBST). It is within these emerging methods that the potential for accurate distinction between LTBI and active TB has been demonstrated. Therapeutically, in addition to traditional first-line therapies, anti-LTBI drugs, anti-resistant TB drugs, and innovative candidates in preclinical and clinical stages are being explored. Although the advancements are promising, it is crucial to recognize that further research and clinical evidence are needed to solidify the effectiveness and safety of these new approaches, in addition to ensuring access to new drugs and diagnostic methods across all health centers. The fight against TB is evolving with the development of more precise diagnostic tools that differentiate the various stages of the infection and with more effective and targeted treatments. Once consolidated, current advancements have the potential to transform the prevention and treatment landscape of TB, reinforcing the global mission to eradicate this disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15102409","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T16:58:09Z","timestamp":1696179489000},"page":"2409","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Advances in Diagnostics and Drug Discovery against Resistant and Latent Tuberculosis Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6694-7991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Shleider Carnero Canales","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Farmac\u00e9uticas Bioqu\u00edmicas y Biotecnol\u00f3gicas, Vicerrectorado de Investigaci\u00f3n, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Santa Mar\u00eda, Arequipa 04000, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3736-1654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica","family":"Marquez Cazorla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Farmac\u00e9uticas Bioqu\u00edmicas y Biotecnol\u00f3gicas, Vicerrectorado de Investigaci\u00f3n, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Santa Mar\u00eda, Arequipa 04000, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9 Henrique","family":"Furtado Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14801-970, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1566-1867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eloise T.","family":"Monteiro Filardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14801-970, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6365-8756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonardo Delello","family":"Di Filippo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14801-970, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paulo In\u00e1cio","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14801-970, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9262-0383","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cesar Augusto","family":"Roque-Borda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14801-970, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6969-3963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando Rog\u00e9rio","family":"Pavan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14801-970, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vincent, A.T., Nyongesa, S., Morneau, I., Reed, M.B., Tocheva, E.I., and Veyrier, F.J. 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