{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:36:16Z","timestamp":1760150176224,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,19]],"date-time":"2023-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697673600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"National Science Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2015\/19\/B\/NZ4\/03594"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015\/19\/B\/NZ4\/03594"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Graphene oxide\u2019s (GO) intravascular applications and biocompatibility are not fully explored yet, although it has been proposed as an anticancer drug transporter, antibacterial factor or component of wearable devices. Bivalent cations and the number of particles\u2019 atom layers, as well as their structural oxygen content and pH of the dispersion, all affect the GO size, shape, dispersibility and biological effects. Bovine serum albumin (BSA), an important blood plasma protein, is expected to improve GO dispersion stability in physiological concentrations of the precipitating calcium and magnesium cations to enable effective and safe tissue perfusion. Methods: Four types of GO commercially available aqueous dispersions (with different particle structures) were diluted, sonicated and studied in the presence of BSA and physiological cation concentrations. Nanoparticle populations sizes, electrical conductivity, zeta potential (Zetasizer NanoZS), structure (TEM and CryoTEM), functional groups content (micro titration) and dispersion pH were analyzed in consecutive preparation stages. Results: BSA effectively prevented the aggregation of GO in precipitating concentrations of physiological bivalent cations. The final polydispersity indexes were reduced from 0.66\u20130.91 to 0.36\u20130.43. The GO-containing isotonic dispersions were stable with the following Z-ave results: GO1 421.1 nm, GO2 382.6 nm, GO3 440.2 nm and GO4 490.1 nm. The GO behavior was structure-dependent. Conclusion: BSA effectively stabilized four types of GO dispersions in an isotonic dispersion containing aggregating bivalent physiological cations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15102495","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,19]],"date-time":"2023-10-19T11:46:26Z","timestamp":1697715986000},"page":"2495","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Stabilization of Graphene Oxide Dispersion in Plasma-like Isotonic Solution Containing Aggregating Concentrations of Bivalent Cations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7122-7665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin Z.","family":"Kraso\u0144","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Silesian Park of Medical Technology Kardio-Med Silesia, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland"},{"name":"Cardiac Surgery Department, Medical University of \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, 90-419 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Cardiac, Vascular and Endovascular Surgery and Transplantology, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Silesian Center for Heart Diseases in Zabrze, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Paradowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Silesian Park of Medical Technology Kardio-Med Silesia, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martyna","family":"Fronczek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Silesian Park of Medical Technology Kardio-Med Silesia, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1228-7534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mateusz","family":"Lejawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Silesian Park of Medical Technology Kardio-Med Silesia, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Kamie\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac, Vascular and Endovascular Surgery and Transplantology, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Silesian Center for Heart Diseases in Zabrze, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Krejca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiac Surgery Department, Medical University of \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, 90-419 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2073-4808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Kolanowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9728-8762","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u0142awomir","family":"Boncel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland"},{"name":"Centre for Organic and Nanohybrid Electronics, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1261-8778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marek W.","family":"Radomski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2012.03.002","article-title":"Progress in Materials Science Chemical functionalization of graphene and its applications","volume":"57","author":"Kuila","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prog. 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