{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T13:26:41Z","timestamp":1785331601000,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,26]],"date-time":"2023-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698278400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), KAKENHI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP21K15490"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP21K15490"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Radiotherapy, in which X-rays are commonly used, is one of the most effective procedures for treating cancer. However, some cancer cells become resistant to radiation therapy, leading to poor prognosis. Therefore, a new therapeutic method is required to prevent cancer cells from acquiring radiation resistance. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a cancer treatment that uses photosensitizers, such as porphyrin compounds, and low-powered laser irradiation. We previously reported that reactive oxygen species (ROS) derived from mitochondria induce the expression of a porphyrin transporter (HCP1) and that laser irradiation enhances the cytotoxic effect. In addition, X-ray irradiation induces the production of mitochondrial ROS. Therefore, radioresistant cancer cells established with continuous X-ray irradiation would also overexpress ROS, and photodynamic therapy could be an effective therapeutic method. In this study, we established radioresistant cancer cells and examined the therapeutic effects and mechanisms with photodynamic therapy. We confirmed that X-ray-resistant cells showed overgeneration of mitochondrial ROS and elevated expression of HCP1, which led to the active accumulation of porphyrin and an increase in cytotoxicity with laser irradiation. Thus, photodynamic therapy is a promising treatment for X-ray-resistant cancers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15112536","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,27]],"date-time":"2023-10-27T09:42:52Z","timestamp":1698399772000},"page":"2536","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Photodynamic Therapy for X-ray-Induced Radiation-Resistant Cancer Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Hiromu","family":"Ito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Quantum RedOx Chemistry Team, Institute for Quantum Life Science (iQLS), Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate (QLMS), National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), Chiba 263-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshimi","family":"Shoji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Quantum RedOx Chemistry Team, Institute for Quantum Life Science (iQLS), Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate (QLMS), National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), Chiba 263-8555, Japan"},{"name":"Quantitative RedOx Sensing Group, Department of Radiation Regulatory Science Research, Institute for Radiological Science (NIRS), Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate (QLMS), National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), Chiba 263-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megumi","family":"Ueno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Quantitative RedOx Sensing Group, Department of Radiation Regulatory Science Research, Institute for Radiological Science (NIRS), Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate (QLMS), National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), Chiba 263-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8151-4067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ken-ichiro","family":"Matsumoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Quantitative RedOx Sensing Group, Department of Radiation Regulatory Science Research, Institute for Radiological Science (NIRS), Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate (QLMS), National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), Chiba 263-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9204-0664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ikuo","family":"Nakanishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Quantum RedOx Chemistry Team, Institute for Quantum Life Science (iQLS), Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate (QLMS), National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), Chiba 263-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lalo, R., Zekja, I., and Kamberi, F. 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