{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T20:17:18Z","timestamp":1767212238080,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":137,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]],"date-time":"2023-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701302400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Regional Development Fund","award":["13.1.1-LMT-L-718-05-0020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["13.1.1-LMT-L-718-05-0020"]}]},{"name":"European Union","award":["13.1.1-LMT-L-718-05-0020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["13.1.1-LMT-L-718-05-0020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The research presents data from a preclinical study on the anti-inflammatory effects of a sodium dichloroacetate and sodium valproate combination (DCA\u2013VPA). The 2-week treatment with a DCA 100 mg\/kg\/day and VPA 150 mg\/kg\/day combination solution in drinking water\u2019s effects on the thymus weight, its cortex\/medulla ratio, Hassall\u2019s corpuscles (HCs) number in the thymus medulla, and the expression of inflammatory and immune-response-related genes in thymocytes of male Balb\/c mice were studied. Two groups of mice aged 6\u20137 weeks were investigated: a control (n = 12) and a DCA\u2013VPA-treated group (n = 12). The treatment did not affect the body weight gain (p &gt; 0.05), the thymus weight (p &gt; 0.05), the cortical\/medulla ratio (p &gt; 0.05), or the number of HCs (p &gt; 0.05). Treatment significantly increased the Slc5a8 gene expression by 2.1-fold (p &lt; 0.05). Gene sequence analysis revealed a significant effect on the expression of inflammation-related genes in thymocytes by significantly altering the expression of several genes related to the cytokine activity pathway, the inflammatory response pathway, and the Il17 signaling pathway in thymocytes. Data suggest that DCA\u2013VPA exerts an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting the inflammatory mechanisms in the mouse thymocytes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15122715","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T03:58:02Z","timestamp":1701403082000},"page":"2715","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Preclinical Study in Mouse Thymus and Thymocytes: Effects of Treatment with a Combination of Sodium Dichloroacetate and Sodium Valproate on Infectious Inflammation Pathways"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1547-7050","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donatas","family":"Staki\u0161aitis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 44307 Kaunas, Lithuania"},{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Institute, 08660 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linas","family":"Kapo\u010dius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 44307 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Evelina","family":"Kilimait\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 44307 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2056-7528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dovydas","family":"Ge\u010dys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu Ave., 50161 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lina","family":"\u0160lekien\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 44307 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ingrida","family":"Balnyt\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 44307 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9347-3656","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jolita","family":"Palubinskien\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 44307 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2736-3111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vaiva","family":"Lesauskait\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu Ave., 50161 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201504-0781OC","article-title":"Assessment of Global Incidence and Mortality of Hospital-Treated Sepsis Current Estimates and Limitations","volume":"193","author":"Fleischmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. 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