{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T12:21:45Z","timestamp":1784809305814,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,19]],"date-time":"2023-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702944000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003246","name":"Dutch Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ENPPS.IPP.019.001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ENPPS.IPP.019.001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Currently, nasal administration of active pharmaceutical ingredients is most commonly performed using swirl-nozzle-based pump devices or pressurized syringes. However, they lead to limited deposition in the more active regions of the nasal cavity, especially the olfactory region, which is crucial for nose-to-brain drug delivery. This research proposes to improve deposition in the olfactory region by replacing the swirl nozzle with a nanoengineered nozzle chip containing micrometer-sized holes, which generates smaller droplets of 10\u201350 \u03bcm travelling at a lower plume velocity. Two nanotech nozzle chips with different hole sizes were tested at different inhalation flow rates to examine the deposition patterns of theophylline, a hyposmia treatment formulation, using a nasal cavity model. A user study was also conducted and showed that the patient instructions influenced the inhalation flow rate characteristics. Targeted flow rates of between 0 and 25 L\/min were used for the in vitro deposition study, yielding 21.5\u201331.5% olfactory coverage. In contrast, the traditional swirl nozzle provided only 10.8% coverage at a similar flow rate. This work highlights the potential of the nanotech soft mist nozzle for improved intranasal drug delivery, particularly to the olfactory region.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16010002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,19]],"date-time":"2023-12-19T04:18:37Z","timestamp":1702959517000},"page":"2","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Improved Olfactory Deposition of Theophylline Using a Nanotech Soft Mist Nozzle Chip"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3917-2731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Madeline X.","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Van der Waals-Zeeman Institute, Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Verhoeven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medspray B.V., 7521 PV Enschede, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pieter","family":"Ravensbergen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medspray B.V., 7521 PV Enschede, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Kooij","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Van der Waals-Zeeman Institute, Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rick","family":"Geoffrion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cyrano Therapeutics Inc., Delray Beach, FL 33445, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8925-1997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Bonn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Van der Waals-Zeeman Institute, Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8380-3834","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cees J. M.","family":"van Rijn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Van der Waals-Zeeman Institute, Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2002-0230OC","article-title":"Human Nasal Mucosa Contains Antigen-Presenting Cells of Strikingly Different Functional Phenotypes","volume":"30","author":"Jahnsen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fr\u00f6hlich, E. (2022). Non-Cellular Layers of the Respiratory Tract: Protection against Pathogens and Target for Drug Delivery. 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