{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T14:24:44Z","timestamp":1787235884124,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,20]],"date-time":"2023-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703030400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neurotrophic keratopathy is a corneal disease characterized by impaired corneal innervation. It can lead to corneal epithelial defects, ulcerations, and perforations. Topical insulin has been shown to be effective in treating this disorder. Insulin is a growth factor that can promote corneal epithelial cell proliferation and migration. In addition, it can also inhibit corneal epithelial cell apoptosis. Topical insulin has previously been found to enhance corneal wound healing. This article reviews the current understanding of the mechanism of action of topical insulin in the treatment of neurotrophic keratopathy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16010015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,20]],"date-time":"2023-12-20T11:24:33Z","timestamp":1703071473000},"page":"15","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Topical Insulin in Neurotrophic Keratopathy: A Review of Current Understanding of the Mechanism of Action and Therapeutic Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2153-3343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin","family":"Jaworski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Kornel Gibi\u0144ski University Clinical Center, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland"},{"name":"OPTOMED Ophthalmological Center for Children and Adults, 41-500 Chorz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Lorenc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Kornel Gibi\u0144ski University Clinical Center, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafa\u0142","family":"Leszczy\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Kornel Gibi\u0144ski University Clinical Center, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1541-4666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewa","family":"Mrukwa-Kominek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Kornel Gibi\u0144ski University Clinical Center, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.29.7.361","article-title":"The Use of Insulin in the Treatment of Corneal Ulcers","volume":"29","author":"Aynsley","year":"1945","journal-title":"Br. 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