{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:42:48Z","timestamp":1760150568433,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]],"date-time":"2023-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703116800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"James H. Hamlen II Endowed Chair in Pediatric Pulmonology funds (Arkansas Children\u2019s Hospital, Little Rock, AR, USA)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>National guidelines for cystic fibrosis recommend cleaning and disinfecting nebulizers after each use. We tested two groups of five reusable breath-enhanced nebulizers after 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 sterilization (baby bottle sterilizer) or cleaning cycles. The nebulizers were operated for 7 min (6 L\/min) after loading albuterol (2.5 mg\/3 mL), and they were evaluated with and without breathing simulation after cleaning\/sterilization (0\u2013180 and 0\u201360 cycles, respectively). Over the course of 180 cleaning\/sterilization cycles, the mean (SD) solution output was 1.33 mL (0.12 mL)\/1.29 mL (0.08 mL); the nebulizer mass remaining in the nebulizer was 61.5% (5.2%)\/63% (4%); sputtering time was 4.7 min (0.8 min)\/4.8 s (0.6 min); inspiratory filter was 19% (3%)\/18.5% (2.4%); expiratory filter was 6.7% (1.1%)\/6.7% (0.8%); and difference in drug output calculated using the solution output and nebulizer mass was 6.8% (4%)\/5.2% (2.9%). Thermal disinfection with a baby-bottle sterilizer did not alter the performance of a reusable breath-enhanced nebulizer. The nebulizer test performed without breathing simulation underestimated its performance. The calculation of the drug output based on the solution output resulted in its overestimation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16010016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]],"date-time":"2023-12-21T03:36:17Z","timestamp":1703129777000},"page":"16","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effect of Disinfection Method and Testing Methodology on the Performance of a Breath-Enhanced Jet Nebulizer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Kanjanamala","family":"Agoramurthi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine Division, Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA"},{"name":"Pediatric Aerosol Research Laboratory, Arkansas Children\u2019s Research Institute, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4010-3659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ariel","family":"Berlinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine Division, Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA"},{"name":"Pediatric Aerosol Research Laboratory, Arkansas Children\u2019s Research Institute, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32542-3","article-title":"Cystic fibrosis","volume":"397","author":"Shteinberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2016.04.001","article-title":"Background and Epidemiology","volume":"63","author":"Sanders","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr. 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