{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T21:07:36Z","timestamp":1789592856234,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":258,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]],"date-time":"2024-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709251200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministero per l\u2019Universit\u00e0 e la Ricerca (MUR)","award":["PRIN 20173ZECCM"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRIN 20173ZECCM"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nowadays, the interest in research towards the local administration of drugs via the inhalation route is growing as it enables the direct targeting of the lung tissue, at the same time reducing systemic side effects. This is of great significance in the era of nucleic acid therapeutics and personalized medicine for the local treatment of severe lung diseases. However, the success of any inhalation therapy is driven by a delicate interplay of factors, such as the physiochemical profile of the payload, formulation, inhalation device, aerodynamic properties, and interaction with the lung fluids. The development of drug delivery systems tailored to the needs of this administration route is central to its success and to revolutionize the treatment of respiratory diseases. With this review, we aim to provide an up-to-date overview of advances in the development of nanoparticulate carriers for drug delivery to the lung tissue, with special regard concerning lipid and polymer-based nanocarriers (NCs). Starting from the biological barriers that the anatomical structure of the lung imposes, and that need to be overcome, the current strategies to achieve efficient lung delivery and the best support for the success of NCs for inhalation are highlighted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16030347","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]],"date-time":"2024-03-01T06:07:53Z","timestamp":1709273273000},"page":"347","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["State-of-the-Art Review on Inhalable Lipid and Polymer Nanocarriers: Design and Development Perspectives"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7370-1348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriella","family":"Costabile","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Drug Delivery, Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gemma","family":"Conte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Drug Delivery, Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy"},{"name":"DiSTABiF, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 81100 Caserta, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susy","family":"Brusco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Drug Delivery, Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9387-082X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pouria","family":"Savadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DiSTABiF, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 81100 Caserta, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2255-8094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnese","family":"Miro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Drug Delivery, Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6223-0782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabiana","family":"Quaglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Drug Delivery, Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0444-0444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivana","family":"d\u2019Angelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DiSTABiF, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 81100 Caserta, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0850-9533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Ungaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Drug Delivery, Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.4155\/tde-2017-0037","article-title":"Drug delivery to the lungs: Challenges and opportunities","volume":"8","author":"Newman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ther. 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