{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T03:17:16Z","timestamp":1790738236604,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,15]],"date-time":"2024-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710460800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competi-tiveness","award":["MAT 2013-43127R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MAT 2013-43127R"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competi-tiveness","award":["920415"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["920415"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competi-tiveness","award":["RD16\/0008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD16\/0008"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competi-tiveness","award":["RD12\/0034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD12\/0034"]}]},{"name":"UCM Research Group","award":["MAT 2013-43127R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MAT 2013-43127R"]}]},{"name":"UCM Research Group","award":["920415"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["920415"]}]},{"name":"UCM Research Group","award":["RD16\/0008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD16\/0008"]}]},{"name":"UCM Research Group","award":["RD12\/0034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD12\/0034"]}]},{"name":"RETICS net projects","award":["MAT 2013-43127R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MAT 2013-43127R"]}]},{"name":"RETICS net projects","award":["920415"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["920415"]}]},{"name":"RETICS net projects","award":["RD16\/0008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD16\/0008"]}]},{"name":"RETICS net projects","award":["RD12\/0034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD12\/0034"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Excitotoxicity has been linked to the pathogenesis of several serious degenerative ocular diseases. Long-term overactivation of the NMDA receptor by glutamate in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) results in degeneration, apoptosis and loss of function leading to blindness. NMDA receptor antagonists have been proposed as a pharmacological blockage of glutamate excitotoxicity. However, an inhibition of the pathway activated by glutamate receptors has intolerable side effects. An interesting pharmacological alternative would be the use of antiapoptotic compounds as RGCs\u2019 neuroprotective active substances. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain neuroprotection, including anti-inflammatory and scavenging activities. Here, the role of dexamethasone in neuroprotection was studied. For this purpose, original controlled release systems composed of microparticles containing dexamethasone with or without vitamin E and human serum albumin (HSA) were designed. The particles were prepared by the solid-in-oil-in-water (S\/O\/W) emulsion\u2013evaporation technique. After properly characterization of the particles, they were intravitreally injected into an rat model of acute ocular excitotoxicity injury. The functionality of the retina was determined by electroretinography and RGCs were counted after cell immunohistochemistry. These microparticulate systems showed the ability to maintain normal electroretinal activity and promoted significant protection of RGCs. Through this proof of concept, we demonstrated that dexamethasone could be a useful anti-inflammatory agent to avoid the progression of degenerative ocular diseases. Furthermore, when administered in controlled release systems that provide low concentrations during prolonged periods of time, not only can the patient\u2019s comfort be increased but the cytotoxicity of the drugs can also be avoided.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16030406","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,15]],"date-time":"2024-03-15T12:02:39Z","timestamp":1710504159000},"page":"406","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Useful Role of a New Generation of Dexamethasone, Vitamin E and Human Serum Albumin Microparticles in the Prevention of Excitotoxicity Injury in Retinal Ocular Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7658-0118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Rodr\u00edguez Villanueva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad Docente de Farmacia y Tecnolog\u00eda Farmac\u00e9utica, Departamento de Ciencias Biom\u00e9dicas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Alcal\u00e1, Ctra. de Madrid-Barcelona A-2, Km. 33,600, 28871 Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9856-6616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"de la Villa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda de Sistemas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Alcal\u00e1, Ctra. de Madrid-Barcelona A-2, Km. 33,600, 28871 Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto Ram\u00f3n y Cajal de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Ctra. Fuencarral-El Pardo, Km. 9.100, 28034 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9764-7975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roc\u00edo","family":"Herrero-Vanrell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Farmacia Gal\u00e9nica y Tecnolog\u00eda Alimentaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ram\u00f3n y Cajal, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Bravo-Osuna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Farmacia Gal\u00e9nica y Tecnolog\u00eda Alimentaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ram\u00f3n y Cajal, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7672-5484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Guzm\u00e1n-Navarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad Docente de Farmacia y Tecnolog\u00eda Farmac\u00e9utica, Departamento de Ciencias Biom\u00e9dicas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Alcal\u00e1, Ctra. de Madrid-Barcelona A-2, Km. 33,600, 28871 Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Russo, R., Cavaliere, F., Varano, G.P., Milanese, M., Adornetto, A., Nucci, C., Bonanno, G., Morrone, L.A., Corasaniti, M.T., and Bagetta, G. 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