{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:55:46Z","timestamp":1760144146647,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]],"date-time":"2024-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711497600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Helmholtz F\u00f6rderung aus dem Innovationspool des Forschungsbereichs Materie\u2014FISCOV project"},{"name":"FAIR-phase-0 program experiment SBIO_08_Guzman"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic has made clear the need for effective and rapid vaccine development methods. Conventional inactivated virus vaccines, together with new technologies like vector and mRNA vaccines, were the first to be rolled out. However, the traditional methods used for virus inactivation can affect surface-exposed antigen, thereby reducing vaccine efficacy. Gamma rays have been used in the past to inactivate viruses. We recently proposed that high-energy heavy ions may be more suitable as an inactivation method because they increase the damage ratio between the viral nucleic acid and surface proteins. Here, we demonstrate that irradiation of the influenza virus using heavy ion beams constitutes a suitable method to develop effective vaccines, since immunization of mice by the intranasal route with the inactivated virus resulted in the stimulation of strong antigen-specific humoral and cellular immune responses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16040465","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]],"date-time":"2024-03-27T14:14:09Z","timestamp":1711548849000},"page":"465","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Influenza Virus Inactivated by Heavy Ion Beam Irradiation Stimulates Antigen-Specific Immune Responses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2286-3416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kai","family":"Schulze","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Zentrum f\u00fcr Infektionsforschung (HZI), 38124 Braunschweig, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ulrich","family":"Weber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biophysics Department, GSI Helmholtzzentrum f\u00fcr Schwerionenforschung, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany"},{"name":"Fachbereich Mathematik, Naturwissenschaften und Informatik, Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen, 35390 Gie\u00dfen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Schuy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biophysics Department, GSI Helmholtzzentrum f\u00fcr Schwerionenforschung, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4615-553X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Durante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biophysics Department, GSI Helmholtzzentrum f\u00fcr Schwerionenforschung, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Condensed Matter Physics, Technische Universit\u00e4t Darmstadt, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Physics \u201cEttore Pancini\u201d, University Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2913-5254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos Alberto","family":"Guzm\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Zentrum f\u00fcr Infektionsforschung (HZI), 38124 Braunschweig, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gote, V., Bolla, P.K., Kommineni, N., Butreddy, A., Nukala, P.K., Palakurthi, S.S., and Khan, W. 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