{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T19:03:29Z","timestamp":1777662209769,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,2]],"date-time":"2024-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712016000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Severe loss of bone mass may require grafting, and, among the alternatives available, there are natural biomaterials that can act as scaffolds for the cell growth necessary for tissue regeneration. Collagen and elastin polymers are a good alternative due to their biomimetic properties of bone tissue, and their characteristics can be improved with the addition of polysaccharides such as chitosan and bioactive compounds such as jatoba resin and pomegranate extract due to their antigenic actions. The aim of this experimental protocol was to evaluate bone neoformation in experimentally made defects in the mandible of rats using polymeric scaffolds with plant extracts added. Thirty rats were divided into group 1, with a mandibular defect filled with a clot from the lesion and no graft implant (G1-C, n = 10); group 2, filled with collagen\/chitosan\/jatoba resin scaffolds (G2-CCJ, n = 10); and group 3, with collagen\/nanohydroxyapatite\/elastin\/pomegranate extract scaffolds (G3-CHER, n = 10). Six weeks after surgery, the animals were euthanized and samples from the surgical areas were submitted to macroscopic, radiological, histological, and morphometric analysis of the mandibular lesion repair process. The results showed no inflammatory infiltrates in the surgical area, indicating good acceptance of the scaffolds in the microenvironment of the host area. In the control group (G1), there was a predominance of reactive connective tissue, while in the grafted groups (G2 and G3), there was bone formation from the margins of the lesion, but it was still insufficient for total bone repair of the defect within the experimental period standardized in this study. The histomorphometric analysis showed that the mean percentage of bone volume formed in the surgical area of groups G1, G2, and G3 was 17.17 \u00b1 2.68, 27.45 \u00b1 1.65, and 34.07 \u00b1 0.64 (mean \u00b1 standard deviation), respectively. It can be concluded that these scaffolds with plant extracts added can be a viable alternative for bone repair, as they are easily manipulated, have a low production cost, and stimulate the formation of new bone by osteoconduction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16040491","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,2]],"date-time":"2024-04-02T09:36:54Z","timestamp":1712050614000},"page":"491","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Use of Plant Extracts in Polymeric Scaffolds in the Regeneration of Mandibular Injuries"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Bruna Eduarda Gandra","family":"de Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopedics and Traumatology Sector, Faculty of Medicine of Jundia\u00ed, Jundia\u00ed 13202-550, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fernanda Latorre Melga\u00e7o","family":"Maia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Implant Dentistry, Faculdade S\u00e3o Leopoldo Mandic, Campinas 13045-755, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L\u00edvia Contini","family":"Massimino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interunit Postgraduate Program in Bioengineering (EESC\/FMRP\/IQSC), University of S\u00e3o Paulo (USP), S\u00e3o Carlos 13566-590, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudio Fernandes","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"S\u00e3o Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, USP, S\u00e3o Carlos 13566-590, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4360-8433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Maria de Guzzi","family":"Plepis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interunit Postgraduate Program in Bioengineering (EESC\/FMRP\/IQSC), University of S\u00e3o Paulo (USP), S\u00e3o Carlos 13566-590, Brazil"},{"name":"S\u00e3o Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, USP, S\u00e3o Carlos 13566-590, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Virg\u00ednia da Concei\u00e7\u00e3o Amaro","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"S\u00e3o Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, USP, S\u00e3o Carlos 13566-590, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlos Henrique Bertoni","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of S\u00e3o Paulo (FOB\/USP), Bauru 17012-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vin\u00edcius Rodrigues","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Anatomy, University of San Francisco (USF), Bragan\u00e7a Paulista 12916-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andre Alves","family":"Bezerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopedics and Traumatology Sector, Faculty of Medicine of Jundia\u00ed, Jundia\u00ed 13202-550, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carolina Chen","family":"Pauris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine of Jundia\u00ed, Jundia\u00ed 13202-550, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9914-1262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela Vieira","family":"Buchaim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, Brazil"},{"name":"Graduate Program in Anatomy of Domestic and Wild Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FMVZ), University of S\u00e3o Paulo (USP), S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-270, Brazil"},{"name":"Medical School, University Center of Adamantina (UNIFAI), Adamantina 17800-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yggor Biloria e","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine of Jundia\u00ed, Jundia\u00ed 13202-550, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5881-2218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rogerio 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