{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T11:30:55Z","timestamp":1790767855969,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]],"date-time":"2024-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714435200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1-TR001409"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1-TR001409"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is a rare but debilitating condition with an 8-fold increased risk of developing pancreatic cancer. In addition to the symptoms that come from the loss of endocrine and exocrine function in CP, the management of chronic pain is problematic. We previously showed that the CCK-receptor antagonist called proglumide could decrease inflammation, acinar-ductal metaplasia, and fibrosis in murine models of CP. We hypothesized that proglumide would be safe and diminish pain caused by CP. A Phase 1 open-labeled safety study was performed in subjects with clinical and radiographic evidence of CP with moderate to severe pain. After a 4-week observation period, the subjects were treated with proglumide in 400 mg capsules three times daily (1200 mg per day) by mouth for 12 weeks, and then subjects returned for a safety visit 4 weeks after the discontinuation of the study medication. The results of three pain surveys (Numeric Rating Scale, COMPAT-SF, and NIH PROMIS) showed that the patients had significantly less pain after 12 weeks of proglumide compared to the pre-treatment observation phase. Of the eight subjects in this study, two experienced nausea and diarrhea with proglumide. These side effects resolved in one subject with doses reduced to 800 mg per day. No abnormalities were noted in the blood chemistries. A blood microRNA blood biomarker panel that corresponded to pancreatic inflammation and fibrosis showed significant improvement. We conclude that proglumide is safe and well tolerated in most subjects with CP at a dose of 1200 mg per day. Furthermore, proglumide therapy may have a beneficial effect by decreasing pain associated with CP.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16050611","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]],"date-time":"2024-05-02T03:57:56Z","timestamp":1714622276000},"page":"611","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["The Role of a Cholecystokinin Receptor Antagonist in the Management of Chronic Pancreatitis: A Phase 1 Trial"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Victor","family":"Ciofoaia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Gastroenterology and Medicine, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenqiang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bakain W.","family":"Tarek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Gastroenterology and Medicine, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martha","family":"Gay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Narayan","family":"Shivapurkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0835-4802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jill P.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pan.2016.02.001","article-title":"Chronic pancreatitis: An international draft consensus proposal for a new mechanistic definition","volume":"16","author":"Whitcomb","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pancreatology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.02.008","article-title":"Management of chronic pancreatitis","volume":"144","author":"Forsmark","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2012.05.015","article-title":"Chronic pancreatitis: Making the diagnosis","volume":"10","author":"Conwell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. 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