{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T04:00:45Z","timestamp":1792036845307,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":150,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]],"date-time":"2024-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715731200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this review, we aim to highlight the advantages, challenges, and limitations of electronic tongues (e-tongues) in pharmaceutical drug development. The authors, therefore, critically evaluated the performance of e-tongues regarding their qualification to assess peroral formulations containing bitter active pharmaceutical ingredients. A literature search using the keywords \u2018electronic\u2019, \u2018tongue\u2019, \u2018bitter\u2019, and \u2018drug\u2019 in a Web of Science search was therefore initially conducted. Reviewing the publications of the past decade, and further literature where necessary, allowed the authors to discuss whether and how e-tongues perform as expected and whether they have the potential to become a standard tool in drug development. Specifically highlighted are the expectations an e-tongue should meet. Further, a brief insight into the technologies of the utilized e-tongues is given. Reliable protocols were found that enable (i) the qualified performance of e-tongue instruments from an analytical perspective, (ii) proper taste-masking assessments, and (iii) under certain circumstances, the evaluation of bitterness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16050658","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]],"date-time":"2024-05-15T03:35:55Z","timestamp":1715744155000},"page":"658","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Critical View on the Qualification of Electronic Tongues Regarding Their Performance in the Development of Peroral Drug Formulations with Bitter Ingredients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6450-9234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denise","family":"Steiner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Muenster, Corrensstra\u00dfe 48, 48149 Muenster, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Life Science Technologies (ILT.NRW), Ostwestfalen-Lippe University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Campusallee 12, 32657 Lemgo, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura Isabell","family":"Immohr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NextPharma Germany Bidco GmbH, Hildebrandstrasse 12, 37081 Goettingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7920-0595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miriam","family":"Pein-Hackelbusch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Life Science Technologies (ILT.NRW), Ostwestfalen-Lippe University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Campusallee 12, 32657 Lemgo, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency (1995). 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