{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T20:55:02Z","timestamp":1789505702416,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,16]],"date-time":"2024-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715817600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Bath"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A general procedure to prepare gold nanourchins (GNUs) via a seed-mediated method was followed using dopamine hydrochloride as a reducing agent and silver nitrate salt (AgNO3) as a shape-directing agent. The novelty of this study comes from the successful incorporation of the prepared gold urchins as an aqueous suspension in a nasal pressurized metered dose inhaler (pMDI) formulation and the investigation of their potential for olfactory targeting for direct nose-to-brain drug delivery (NTBDD). The developed pMDI formulation was composed of 0.025% w\/w GNUs, 2% w\/w Milli-Q water, and 2% w\/w EtOH, with the balance of the formulation being HFA134a propellant. Particle integrity and aerosolization performance were examined using an aerosol exposure system, whereas the nasal deposition profile was tested in a sectioned anatomical replica of human nasal airways. The compatibility of the gold dispersion with the nasal epithelial cell line RPMI 2650 was also investigated in this study. Colloidal gold was found to be stable following six-month storage at 4 \u00b0C and during the lyophilization process utilizing a pectin matrix for complete re-dispersibility in water. The GNUs were intact and discrete following atomization via a pMDI, and 13% of the delivered particles were detected beyond the nasal valve, the narrowest region in the nasal cavity, out of which 5.6% was recovered from the olfactory region. Moreover, the formulation was found to be compatible with the human nasal epithelium cell line RPMI 2650 and excellent cell viability was observed. The formulated GNU-HFA-based pMDI is a promising approach for intranasal drug delivery, including deposition in the olfactory region, which could be employed for NTBDD applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16050669","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,16]],"date-time":"2024-05-16T09:30:03Z","timestamp":1715851803000},"page":"669","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Gold Nanoparticles: Tunable Characteristics and Potential for Nasal Drug Delivery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Aida","family":"Maaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian S.","family":"Blagbrough","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5717-7486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul A.","family":"De Bank","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK"},{"name":"Centre for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK"},{"name":"Centre for Bioengineering & Biomedical Technologies, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2017.06.049","article-title":"Indirect Determination of Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate (PETN) with a gold nanoparticles-based colorimetric sensor","volume":"175","author":"Can","year":"2017","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.0c00147","article-title":"Multifunctional Dendrimer-Entrapped Gold Nanoparticles for Labeling and Tracking T Cells Via Dual-Modal Computed Tomography and Fluorescence Imaging","volume":"21","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10883","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.7b04495","article-title":"In Vivo Neuroimaging of Exosomes Using Gold Nanoparticles","volume":"11","author":"Betzer","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6439","DOI":"10.1021\/nn101373r","article-title":"Gold Nanoparticles Promote Osteogenic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells through p38 MAPK Pathway","volume":"4","author":"Yi","year":"2010","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coelho, S.C., Reis, D.P., Pereira, M.C., and Coelho, M.A.N. 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