{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T05:02:58Z","timestamp":1790744578210,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,20]],"date-time":"2024-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716163200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002476","name":"Eulji University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EJRG-23-06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EJRG-23-06"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002476","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Zolpidem is a widely prescribed hypnotic Z-drug used to treat short-term insomnia. However, a growing number of individuals intentionally overdose on these drugs. This study aimed to develop a predictive tool for physicians to assess patients with zolpidem overdose. A population pharmacokinetic (PK) model was established using digitized data obtained from twenty-three healthy volunteers after a single oral administration of zolpidem. Based on the final PK model, a web application was developed using open-source R packages such as rxode2, nonmem2rx, and shiny. The final model was a one-compartment model with first-order absorption and elimination with PK parameters, including clearance (CL, 16.9 L\/h), absorption rate constant (Ka, 5.41 h\u22121), volume of distribution (Vd, 61.7 L), and lag time (ALAG, 0.394 h). Using the established population PK model in the current study, we developed a web application that enables users to simulate plasma zolpidem concentrations and visualize their profiles. This user-friendly web application may provide essential clinical information to physicians, ultimately helping in the management of patients with zolpidem intoxication.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16050689","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,20]],"date-time":"2024-05-20T11:06:41Z","timestamp":1716203201000},"page":"689","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Development of a Web Application for Simulating Plasma Drug Concentrations in Patients with Zolpidem Intoxication"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6047-7236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hwa Jun","family":"Cha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"PIPET (Pharmacometrics Institute for Practical Education and Training), College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4674-7682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sungpil","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"PIPET (Pharmacometrics Institute for Practical Education and Training), College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kwan Cheol","family":"Pak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yuhan Corporation, Seoul 06927, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyungsub","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paramedicine, College of Health Sciences, Eulji University, Seongnam 13135, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stahl, S.M., Grady, M.M., and Muntner, N. 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