{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T00:31:31Z","timestamp":1787099491146,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,27]],"date-time":"2024-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716768000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","award":["82274007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82274007"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Direct nose-to-brain drug delivery, a promising approach for treating neurological disorders, faces challenges due to anatomical variations between adults and children. This study aims to investigate the spatial particle deposition of micron-sized particles in the nasal cavity among adult and pediatric subjects. This study focuses on the olfactory region considering the effect of intrasubject parameters and particle properties. Two child and two adult nose models were developed based on computed tomography (CT) images, in which the olfactory region of the four nasal cavity models comprises 7% to 10% of the total nasal cavity area. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) coupled with a discrete phase model (DPM) was implemented to simulate the particle transport and deposition. To study the deposition of micrometer-sized drugs in the human nasal cavity during a seated posture, particles with diameters ranging from 1 to 100 \u03bcm were considered under a flow rate of 15 LPM. The nasal cavity area of adults is approximately 1.2 to 2 times larger than that of children. The results show that the regional deposition fraction of the olfactory region in all subjects was meager for 1\u2013100 \u00b5m particles, with the highest deposition fraction of 5.7%. The deposition fraction of the whole nasal cavity increased with the increasing particle size. Crucially, we identified a correlation between regional deposition distribution and nasal cavity geometry, offering valuable insights for optimizing intranasal drug delivery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16060722","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]],"date-time":"2024-05-28T03:48:49Z","timestamp":1716868129000},"page":"722","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Comparative Analysis of Micrometer-Sized Particle Deposition in the Olfactory Regions of Adult and Pediatric Nasal Cavities: A Computational Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2711-3825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ziyu","family":"Jin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China"},{"name":"Southeast University\u2014Monash University Joint Research Institute, Suzhou 215123, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aibing","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southeast University\u2014Monash University Joint Research Institute, Suzhou 215123, China"},{"name":"ARC Hub for Computational Particle Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7237-7806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hua","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenbo","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.3109\/03639045.2016.1160110","article-title":"Dry Powder Nasal Drug Delivery: Challenges, Opportunities and a Study of the Commercial Teijin Puvlizer Rhinocort Device and Formulation","volume":"42","author":"Pozzoli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Dev. 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