{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T13:38:50Z","timestamp":1773927530994,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]],"date-time":"2024-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716940800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science and Technology Council (NSTC)","award":["108-2221-E-005-029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["108-2221-E-005-029"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Council (NSTC)","award":["109-2221-E-005-039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["109-2221-E-005-039"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Council (NSTC)","award":["110-2221-E-005-021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["110-2221-E-005-021"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Council (NSTC)","award":["111-2221-E-005-065"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["111-2221-E-005-065"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Council (NSTC)","award":["112-2622-E-005-008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["112-2622-E-005-008"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Porous chitosan\/hydroxyapatite (Chi-HAp) composite microspheres were prepared in an aqueous solution containing chitosan, calcium nitrate, and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate by using a hydrothermal method at various temperatures. The investigation indicated that temperature significantly impacted the final product\u2019s appearance. Hydroxyapatite (HAp) coupled with dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD) flakes were obviously found at 65 and 70 \u00b0C, while the latter gradually disappeared at higher temperatures. Conversely, synthesis at 90 \u00b0C led to smaller particle sizes due to the broken chitosan chains. The microspheres synthesized at 75 \u00b0C were selected for further analysis, revealing porous structures with specific surface areas of 36.66 m2\/g, pores ranging from 3 to 100 nm, and pore volumes of 0.58 cm3\/g. Vancomycin (VCM), an antibiotic, was then absorbed on and released from the microspheres derived at 75 \u00b0C, with a drug entrapment efficiency of 20% and a release duration exceeding 20 days. The bacteriostatic activity of the VCM\/composite microspheres against Staphylococcus aureus increased with the VCM concentration and immersion time, revealing a stable inhibition zone diameter of approximately 4.3 mm from 24 to 96 h, and this indicated the retained stability and efficacy of the VCM during the encapsulating process.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16060730","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]],"date-time":"2024-06-03T10:08:38Z","timestamp":1717409318000},"page":"730","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Porous Chitosan\/Hydroxyapatite Composite Microspheres for Vancomycin Loading and Releasing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Meng-Ying","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, Taichung Armed Forces General Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi-Ting","family":"Kuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"I-Fang","family":"Kao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0242-3173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shiow-Kang","family":"Yen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2006.03.032","article-title":"Controlled release of gentamicin from calcium phosphate\u2014Poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) composite bone cement","volume":"27","author":"Schnieders","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000310","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202000310","article-title":"Biomaterials against Bone Infection","volume":"9","author":"Lozano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. 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