{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T10:51:20Z","timestamp":1782903080942,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,6]],"date-time":"2024-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717632000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017596","name":"German Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Bonn","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["73.05\/3832-397285\/12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["73.05\/3832-397285\/12"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017596","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Fluvoxamine is used in children and adolescents (\u2018youths\u2019) for treating obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) but also off-label for depressive and anxiety disorders. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between fluvoxamine dose and serum concentrations, independent correlates of fluvoxamine concentrations, and a preliminary therapeutic reference range (TRR) for youths with OCD and treatment response. Methods: Multicenter naturalistic data of a therapeutic drug monitoring service, as well as prospective data of the \u2018TDM Vigil study\u2019 (EudraCT 2013-004881-33), were analyzed. Patient and treatment characteristics were assessed by standardized measures, including Clinical Global Impressions\u2014Severity (CGI-S) and \u2014Change (CGI-I), with CGI-I of much or very much improved defining treatment response and adverse drug reactions using the Udvalg for Kliniske Undersogelser (UKU) Side Effect Rating Scale. Multivariable regression analysis was used to evaluate the influence of sex, age, body weight, body mass index (BMI), and fluvoxamine dose on fluvoxamine serum concentrations. Results: The study included 70 youths (age = 6.7\u201319.6 years, OCD = 78%, mean fluvoxamine dose = 140.4 (range = 25\u2013300) mg\/d). A weak positive correlation between daily dose and steady-state trough serum concentrations was found (rs = 0.34, p = 0.004), with dose variation explaining 16.2% of serum concentration variability. Multivariable correlates explaining 25.3% of the variance of fluvoxamine concentrations included higher fluvoxamine dose and lower BMI. Considering responders with OCD, the estimated TRR for youths was 55\u2013371 ng\/mL, exceeding the TRR for adults with depression of 60\u2013230\u2009ng\/mL. Discussion: These preliminary data contribute to the definition of a TRR in youth with OCD treated with fluvoxamine and identify higher BMI as a moderator of lower fluvoxamine concentrations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16060772","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,6]],"date-time":"2024-06-06T12:04:28Z","timestamp":1717675468000},"page":"772","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Serum Concentration\u2013Dose Relationship and Modulation Factors in Children and Adolescents Treated with Fluvoxamine"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8704-1424","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Regina","family":"Taurines","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Centre for Mental Health, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gesa","family":"Kunkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Centre for Mental Health, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1925-6228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefanie","family":"Fekete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Centre for Mental Health, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00f6rg M.","family":"Fegert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Ulm, 89075 Ulm, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Wewetzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinics of the City Cologne GmbH, Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, 51109 Cologne, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7254-5646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoph U.","family":"Correll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Charit\u00e9 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Northwell Health, Glen Oaks, NY 11004, USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Molecular Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra\/Northwell, Hempstead, NY 11549, USA"},{"name":"German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), Partner Site Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristian","family":"Holtkamp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DRK Fachklinik Bad Neuenahr, 53474 Bad Neuenahr-Ahrweiler, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"B\u00f6ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"},{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Ravensburg-Weissenau, ZFP South Wuerttemberg, 88427 Bad Schussenried, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobias Johann","family":"Renner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Tuebingen, Center of Mental Health, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), Partner Site Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hartmut","family":"Imgart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parkland-Clinic, Clinic for Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Academic Teaching Hospital for the University Gie\u00dfen, 34537 Bad Wildungen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4780-612X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maike","family":"Scherf-Clavel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Heuschmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Trial Center Wuerzburg, University Hospital Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Epidemiology and Biometry, University of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manfred","family":"Gerlach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Centre for Mental Health, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcel","family":"Romanos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Centre for Mental Health, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0270-0954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karin","family":"Egberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Centre for Mental Health, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200102000-00017","article-title":"Fluvoxamine for children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder: A randomized, controlled, multicenter trial","volume":"40","author":"Riddle","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. 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Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/16\/6\/772\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:54:53Z","timestamp":1760108093000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/16\/6\/772"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,6]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["pharmaceutics16060772"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics16060772","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4923"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4923","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,6]]}}}