{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T17:37:16Z","timestamp":1791308236826,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,17]],"date-time":"2024-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFC2701800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC2701800"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of 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for Bioanalysis of Complex Matrix Samples","award":["82204544"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82204544"]}]},{"name":"Hunan Key Laboratory for Bioanalysis of Complex Matrix Samples","award":["JIF301052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JIF301052"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2021YFC2701800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC2701800"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2021YFC2701805"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC2701805"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["20224Y0121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20224Y0121"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["FZJZ-202305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FZJZ-202305"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["82204544"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82204544"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["JIF301052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JIF301052"]}]},{"name":"Fudan University Scientific Research Foundation for Talented Scholars","award":["2021YFC2701800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC2701800"]}]},{"name":"Fudan University Scientific Research Foundation for Talented Scholars","award":["2021YFC2701805"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC2701805"]}]},{"name":"Fudan University Scientific Research Foundation for Talented Scholars","award":["20224Y0121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20224Y0121"]}]},{"name":"Fudan University Scientific Research Foundation for Talented Scholars","award":["FZJZ-202305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FZJZ-202305"]}]},{"name":"Fudan University Scientific Research Foundation for Talented Scholars","award":["82204544"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82204544"]}]},{"name":"Fudan University Scientific Research Foundation for Talented Scholars","award":["JIF301052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JIF301052"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Caspofungin is an echinocandin antifungal agent commonly used as the first-line therapy for invasive candidiasis, salvage therapy for invasive aspergillosis, and empirical therapy for presumed fungal infections. Pharmacokinetic (PK) variabilities and suboptimal exposure have been reported for caspofungin, increasing the risk of insufficient efficacy. Objective: This work aimed to develop a caspofungin population pharmacokinetic (popPK) library and demonstrate its utility by assessing the probability of target attainment across diverse settings. Methods: We established a caspofungin popPK model library following a rigorous literature review, re-implementing selected models in R with rxode2. Quality control procedures included a comparison of different studies and assessing covariate impacts. Model libraries were primarily used to perform Monte Carlo simulations to estimate target attainment and guide personalized dosing in Candida infections. Results: A total of 13 models, one- or two-compartment models, were included. The most significant covariates were body size (weight and body surface area), liver function, and albumin level. The results show that children and adults showed considerable differences in pharmacokinetics. For C. albicans and C. parapsilosis, none of the populations achieved a PTA of \u226590% at their respective susceptible MIC values. In contrast, for C. glabrata, 70% of the adult studies reached a PTA of \u226590%, while all pediatric studies achieved the same PTA level. Conclusion: At the recommended dosage, adult patients showed notably lower exposure to caspofungin compared to pediatric patients. Considering body size, liver function, and serum albumin is crucial when determining caspofungin dosage regimens. Furthermore, further research is required to comprehensively understand the pharmacokinetics of caspofungin in pediatric patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16060819","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,17]],"date-time":"2024-06-17T12:48:40Z","timestamp":1718628520000},"page":"819","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Development and Quality Control of a Population Pharmacokinetic Model Library for Caspofungin"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3543-663X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuo","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China"},{"name":"Hunan Key Laboratory for Bioanalysis of Complex Matrix Samples, Changsha 410000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9476-0312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yufei","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China"},{"name":"Hunan Key Laboratory for Bioanalysis of Complex Matrix Samples, Changsha 410000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yixue","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Critical Care Medicine, Children\u2019s Hospital of Fudan University, National Children\u2019s Medical Center, Shanghai 200000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8346-2934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenyao","family":"Mak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9057-4520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenyu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5533-9234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kar Weng","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacotherapy Services, Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Ministry of Health, Kuala Lumpur 50586, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Shenzhen Children\u2019s Hospital, Medical College, Shantou University, Shenzhen 518000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8260-0082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhijia","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5795-1550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qingfeng","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China"},{"name":"Hunan Key Laboratory for Bioanalysis of Complex Matrix Samples, Changsha 410000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gangfeng","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Critical Care Medicine, Children\u2019s Hospital of Fudan University, National Children\u2019s Medical Center, Shanghai 200000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8683-2603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoqiang","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3295-619X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiao","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China"},{"name":"Hunan Key Laboratory for Bioanalysis of Complex Matrix Samples, Changsha 410000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ933","article-title":"Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Candidiasis: 2016 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America","volume":"62","author":"Pappas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. 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