{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T11:46:37Z","timestamp":1784634397138,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,22]],"date-time":"2024-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719014400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of California, Davis"},{"name":"International Foundation for Science, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The global surge in multi-drug resistant bacteria, including extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli has led to a growing need for new antibacterial compounds. Despite being promising, the potential of fish-derived antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in combating ESBL-producing E. coli is largely unexplored. In this study, native African catfish antimicrobial peptides (NACAPs) were extracted from the skin mucus of farmed African catfish, Clarias gariepinus, using a combination of 10% acetic acid solvent hydrolysis, 5 kDa ultrafiltration, and C18 hydrophobic interaction chromatography. Peptides were then sequenced using Orbitrap Fusion Lumos Tribrid Mass Spectrometry. The identified peptides were screened for potential antibacterial activity using Random Forest and AdaBoost machine learning algorithms. The most promising peptide was chemically synthesized and evaluated in vitro for safety on rabbit red blood cells and activity against ESBL-producing E. coli (ATCC 35218) utilizing spot-on-lawn and broth dilution methods. Eight peptides ranging from 13 to 22 amino acids with molecular weights between 968.42 and 2434.11 Da were identified. Peptide NACAP-II was non-hemolytic to rabbit erythrocytes (p &gt; 0.05) with a zone of inhibition (ZOI) of 22.7 \u00b1 0.9 mm and a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 91.3 \u00b1 1.2 \u03bcg\/mL. The peptide is thus a candidate antibacterial compound with enormous potential applications in the pharmaceutical industry. However, further studies are still required to establish an upscale production strategy and optimize its activity and safety in vivo.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16070850","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,24]],"date-time":"2024-06-24T10:41:12Z","timestamp":1719225672000},"page":"850","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Identification, Synthesis, and In Vitro Activities of Antimicrobial Peptide from African Catfish against the Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL)-Producing Escherichia coli"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Hedmon","family":"Okella","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 93274, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8503-8897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven","family":"Odongo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7062, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7648-8282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Didier","family":"Vertommen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"de Duve Institute and MASSPROT Platform, UCLouvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1746-8385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Okello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 93274, USA"},{"name":"Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02724-0","article-title":"Global Burden of Bacterial Antimicrobial Resistance in 2019: A Systematic Analysis","volume":"399","author":"Murray","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"WHO (2023, April 18). WHO Priority Pathogens List for R&D of New Antibiotics. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/27-02-2017-who-publishes-list-of-bacteria-for-which-new-antibiotics-are-urgently-needed."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.18.4.657-686.2005","article-title":"Clinical Update Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases: A Clinical Update","volume":"18","author":"Paterson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.44.5.1659-1664.2006","article-title":"Trends in Production of Extended-Spectrum \u03b2-Lactamases among Enterobacteria of Medical Interest: Report of the Second Italian Nationwide Survey","volume":"44","author":"Luzzaro","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1086\/429344","article-title":"Burden of Community-Onset Escherichia coli Bacteremia in Seniors","volume":"191","author":"Jackson","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(05)70086-4","article-title":"Lack of Development of New Antimicrobial Drugs: A Potential Serious Threat to Public Health","volume":"5","author":"Norrby","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.59324\/ejmhr.2024.2(1).20","article-title":"Antibacterial Activities and Quantitative Phytochemical Screening of the Hexane and Ethanolic Oil Extracts of Syzygium aromaticum against ESBL Producing Bacteria Isolates","volume":"2","author":"Musbau","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Health Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zai, M.J., Cheesman, M.J., and Cock, I.E. (2024). Phytochemical Evaluation of Terminalia canescens DC. Radlk. Extracts with Antibacterial and Antibiotic Potentiation Activities against Selected \u03b2-Lactam Drug-Resistant Bacteria. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29061385"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mogana, R., Adhikari, A., Tzar, M.N., Ramliza, R., and Wiart, C. (2020). Antibacterial Activities of the Extracts, Fractions and Isolated Compounds from Canarium patentinervium Miq. Against Bacterial Clinical Isolates. BMC Complement. Med. Ther., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-020-2837-5"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24312","DOI":"10.1038\/srep24312","article-title":"In Vitro Antibacterial Activity of ZnO and Nd Doped ZnO Nanoparticles against ESBL Producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae","volume":"6","author":"Hameed","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.05.041","article-title":"Biologically Synthesized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles as Nanoantibiotics against ESBLs Producing Gram Negative Bacteria","volume":"121","author":"Maruthupandy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"551","article-title":"The Antibacterial Effect of Propolis against Clinical Isolates","volume":"2","author":"Togan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci.-Afr. J. Sci. Issues"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skaradzi\u0144ska, A., \u015aliwka, P., Ku\u017ami\u0144ska-Bajor, M., Skaradzi\u0144ski, G., Rzasa, A., Friese, A., Roschanski, N., Murugaiyan, J., and Roesler, U.H. (2017). The Efficacy of Isolated Bacteriophages from Pig Farms against ESBL\/AmpC-Producing Escherichia coli from Pig and Turkey Farms. Front. Microbiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00530"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105563","article-title":"The Comparison of Lytic Activity of Isolated Phage and Commercial Intesti Bacteriophage on ESBL Producer E. Coli and Determination of Ec_P6 Phage Efficacy with In Vivo Galleria mellonella Larvae Model","volume":"167","author":"Erol","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4102\/koedoe.v11i1.761","article-title":"The Freshwater Fished of the Kruger National Park","volume":"11","author":"Pienaar","year":"1968","journal-title":"Koedoe"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.24248\/easci.v4i1.66","article-title":"Bacterial Cell Envelope Lysis and Hemotoxicity of Peptides Previously Isolated from African Catfish, Clarias gariepinus","volume":"4","author":"Okella","year":"2022","journal-title":"East Afr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okella, H., Okello, E., Mtewa, A.G., Ikiriza, H., Kaggwa, B., Aber, J., Ndekezi, C., Nkamwesiga, J., Ajayi, C.O., and Mugeni, I.M. (2022). ADMET Profiling and Molecular Docking of Potential Antimicrobial Peptides Previously Isolated from African Catfish, Clarias gariepinus. Front. Mol. Biosci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2022.1039286"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okella, H., Ikiriza, H., Ochwo, S., Ajayi, C.O., Ndekezi, C., Nkamwesiga, J., Kaggwa, B., Aber, J., Mtewa, A.G., and Koffi, T.K. (2021). Identification of Antimicrobial Peptides Isolated from the Skin Mucus of African Catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822). Front. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.794631"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hansen, I.K.\u00d8., L\u00f6vdahl, T., Simonovic, D., Hansen, K., Andersen, A.J.C., Devold, H., Richard, C.S.M., Andersen, J.H., Str\u00f8m, M.B., and Haug, T. (2020). Antimicrobial Activity of Small Synthetic Peptides Based on the Marine Peptide Turgencin a: Prediction of Antimicrobial Peptide Sequences in a Natural Peptide and Strategy for Optimization of Potency. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21155460"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.3390\/ph6121543","article-title":"Antimicrobial Peptides","volume":"6","author":"Bahar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7609","DOI":"10.1021\/ja8093247","article-title":"Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial Peptides by Rational Combinatorial Design and High-Throughput Screening: The Importance of Interfacial Activity","volume":"131","author":"Rathinakumar","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raheem, N., and Straus, S.K. (2019). Mechanisms of Action for Antimicrobial Peptides with Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Functions. Front. Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02866"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-305X(03)00120-4","article-title":"Isolation and Characterisation of Oncorhyncin II, a Histone H1-Derived Antimicrobial Peptide from Skin Secretions of Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss","volume":"28","author":"Fernandes","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4960","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-4658.2005.04906.x","article-title":"Isolation and Identification of Antimicrobial Components from the Epidermal Mucus of Atlantic Cod (Gadus Morhua)","volume":"272","author":"Bergsson","year":"2005","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1007\/s10126-009-9189-y","article-title":"Myxinidin, a Novel Antimicrobial Peptide from the Epidermal Mucus of Hagfish, Myxine glutinosa L.","volume":"11","author":"Subramanian","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mar. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alabssawy, A.N., Abu-Elghait, M., Azab, A.M., Khalaf-Allah, H.M.M., Ashry, A.S., Ali, A.O.M., Sabra, A.B.A.A., and Salem, S.S. (2024). Hindering the Biofilm of Microbial Pathogens and Cancer Cell Lines Development Using Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized by Epidermal Mucus Proteins from Clarias gariepinus. BMC Biotechnol., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12896-024-00852-7"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1605(96)00947-6","article-title":"Antibacterial Activity of Lactobacillus plantarum UG1 Isolated from Dry Sausage: Characterization Production and Bactericidal Action of Plantaricin UG1","volume":"30","author":"Enan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"140","article-title":"The Antibacterial Activity of Peptides from Porphyra Yezoensis","volume":"36","author":"Song","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Fish. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/s10989-017-9616-2","article-title":"Characterization of Antimicrobial and Antioxidative Peptides Synthesized by L. Rhamnosus C6 Fermentation of Milk","volume":"24","author":"Rana","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Pept. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmid, F. (2001). Biological Macromolecules: UV-Visible Spectrophotometry, John Wiley & Sons Ltd.","DOI":"10.1038\/npg.els.0003142"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"D442","article-title":"The PRIDE Database and Related Tools and Resources in 2019: Improving Support for Quantification Data","volume":"4","author":"Csordas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10174","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1103979108","article-title":"Side-Chain Hydrophobicity Scale Derived from Transmembrane Protein Folding into Lipid Bilayers","volume":"108","author":"Moon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vishnepolsky, B., Grigolava, M., Managadze, G., Gabrielian, A., Rosenthal, A., Hurt, D.E., Tartakovsky, M., and Pirtskhalava, M. (2022). Comparative Analysis of Machine Learning Algorithms on the Microbial Strain-Specific AMP Prediction. Brief. Bioinform., 23.","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbac233"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks419","article-title":"PEP-FOLD: An Updated de Novo Structure Prediction Server for Both Linear and Disulfide Bonded Cyclic Peptides","volume":"40","author":"Shen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkv342","article-title":"I-TASSER Server: New Development for Protein Structure and Function Predictions","volume":"43","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1107\/S0907444902003451","article-title":"The Protein Data Bank","volume":"58","author":"Berman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Crystallogr. Sect. D Biol. Crystallogr."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"265","article-title":"Comparison of Different Methods for Detection of Antimicrobial Activity of Lactobacillus spp.","volume":"39","author":"Soomro","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pak. J. Zool."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) (2018). M07: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria That Grow Aerobically. Clin. Lab. Stand. Inst., 38, 91."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teh, C.H., Nazni, W.A., Nurulhusna, A.H., Norazah, A., and Lee, H.L. (2017). Determination of Antibacterial Activity and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of Larval Extract of Fly via Resazurin-Based Turbidometric Assay. BMC Microbiol., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-017-0936-3"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2015.05.006","article-title":"Synthesis, Antimicrobial Activity and Toxicity of Analogs of the Scorpion Venom BmKn Peptides","volume":"101","author":"Petraglia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s00217-005-1142-3","article-title":"Preparation and Antioxidative Activity of Hoki Frame Protein Hydrolysate Using Ultrafiltration Membranes","volume":"221","author":"Je","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. Food Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2004.12.021","article-title":"Further Isolation and Characterization of Grammistins from the Skin Secretion of the Soapfish Grammistes sexlineatus","volume":"45","author":"Sugiyama","year":"2005","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpb.2010.11.002","article-title":"Isolation and Identification of Pelteobagrin, a Novel Antimicrobial Peptide from the Skin Mucus of Yellow Catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)","volume":"158","author":"Su","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.2174\/0929866523666161220113230","article-title":"Antimicrobial Peptides of Meat Origin-An In Silico and In Vitro Analysis","volume":"24","author":"Stadnik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Protein Pept. Lett."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1002\/bip.20703","article-title":"Structural Malleability of Plasticins: Preorganized Conformations in Solution and Relevance for Antimicrobial Activity","volume":"86","author":"Bruston","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biopolymers"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-19434-7","article-title":"Mechanisms Driving the Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Properties of Hp1404 and Its Analogue Peptides against Multidrug-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"8","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1098","article-title":"Antimicrobial Peptides: Pore Formers or Metabolic Inhibitors in Bacteria?","volume":"3","author":"Brogden","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14613","DOI":"10.1021\/la403083m","article-title":"Long-Time-Scale Interaction Dynamics between a Model Antimicrobial Peptide and Giant Unilamellar Vesicles","volume":"29","author":"Burton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okella, H., Georrge, J.J., Ochwo, S., Ndekezi, C., Koffi, K.T., Aber, J., Ajayi, C.O., Fofana, F.G., Ikiriza, H., and Mtewa, A.G. (2020). New Putative Antimicrobial Candidates: In Silico Design of Fish-Derived Antibacterial Peptide-Motifs. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2020.604041"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2020.109199","article-title":"Identification of Antibacterial Peptides Generated from Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Cottonseed Proteins","volume":"125","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2399","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.6.2399-2406.2005","article-title":"Proline Conformation-Dependent Antimicrobial Activity of a Proline-Rich Histone H1 N-Terminal Peptide Fragment Isolated from the Skin Mucus of Atlantic Salmon","volume":"49","author":"Birkemo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12008","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.18.12008","article-title":"Isolation and Characterization of Pleurocidin, an Antimicrobial Peptide in the Skin Secretions of Winter Flounder","volume":"272","author":"Cole","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boto, A., De La Lastra, J.M.P., and Gonz\u00e1lez, C.C. (2018). The Road from Host-Defense Peptides to a New Generation of Antimicrobial Drugs. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23020311"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-021-02986-w","article-title":"Novel Antimicrobial Cruzioseptin Peptides Extracted from the Splendid Leaf Frog, Cruziohyla calcarifer","volume":"53","author":"Cuesta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1007\/s10126-018-9843-3","article-title":"Identification and Characterization of Novel Antimicrobial Peptide from Hippocampus comes by In Silico and Experimental Studies","volume":"20","author":"Mohammadi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mar. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.14299","article-title":"Novel Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitory Peptides Derived from Oncorhynchus mykiss Nebulin: Virtual Screening and In Silico Molecular Docking Study","volume":"83","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."}],"container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/16\/7\/850\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:03:05Z","timestamp":1760108585000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/16\/7\/850"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,22]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["pharmaceutics16070850"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics16070850","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4923"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4923","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,22]]}}}