{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T12:57:48Z","timestamp":1787317068786,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,27]],"date-time":"2024-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719446400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"ROCHE Pharma, 110049\/001 Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria Fundacion Jimenez Diaz"},{"name":"Rey Juan Carlos Hospital"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pulmonary drug delivery offers a minimally invasive and efficient method for treating lung conditions, leveraging the lungs\u2019 extensive surface area and blood flow for rapid drug absorption. Nebulized therapies aim to deliver drugs directly to the lung tissue. This study investigates the histological impact of nebulized tocilizumab\u2014a monoclonal antibody targeting IL-6, traditionally administered intravenously for rheumatoid arthritis and severe COVID-19\u2014on a murine model. Thirty BALB\/c mice were nebulized with tocilizumab (10 mg, 5 mg, and 2.5 mg) and six controls were nebulized with saline solution. They were euthanized 48 h later, and their organs (lungs, nasal mucosa, and liver) were analyzed by a microscopic histological evaluation. The results indicate that all the mice survived the 48 h post-nebulization period without systemic compromise. The macroscopic examination showed no abnormalities, and the histopathological analysis revealed greater lung vascular changes in the control group than in the nebulized animals, which is attributable to the euthanasia with carbon dioxide. Additionally, increased alveolar macrophages were observed in the nebulized groups compared to controls. No significant histological changes were observed in the liver, indicating the safety of nebulized tocilizumab. In conclusion, these findings suggest the potential of nebulized tocilizumab for treating pulmonary inflammation, warranting further research to establish its efficacy and safety in clinical settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16070862","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]],"date-time":"2024-06-28T03:42:30Z","timestamp":1719546150000},"page":"862","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Histological Assessment of Respiratory Tract and Liver of BALB\/c Mice Nebulized with Tocilizumab"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2513-7594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paloma Jimena","family":"de Andres","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Medicina y Cirug\u00eda Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria de la, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1782-8264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio","family":"Ferreiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Veterinaria, Radiodiagn\u00f3stico y Cirug\u00eda Experimental del, Centro de Apoyo Tecnol\u00f3gico de la, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud de la, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28922 Alcorcon, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Farmacia del Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, 28993 Mostoles, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Almudena","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Farmacia del Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, 28993 Mostoles, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6714-5840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cesar","family":"Henriquez-Camacho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Medicina Interna del Hospital Universitario de M\u00f3stoles, 28935 Mostoles, Spain"},{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28922 Alcorcon, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1080\/13543776.2020.1741547","article-title":"Patented therapeutic drug delivery strategies for targeting pulmonary diseases","volume":"30","author":"Thakur","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert. 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