{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T18:30:52Z","timestamp":1790101852139,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,17]],"date-time":"2024-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721174400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acne vulgaris, a prevalent skin condition, arises from an imbalance in skin flora, fostering bacterial overgrowth. Addressing this issue, clindamycin molecularly imprinted polymeric nanoparticles (Clin-MIP) loaded onto polyurethane nanofiber scaffolds were developed for acne treatment. Clin-MIP was synthesized via precipitation polymerization using methacrylic acid (MAA), ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA), and azoisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as functional monomers, crosslinkers, and free-radical initiators, respectively. MIP characterization utilized Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) before being incorporated into polyurethane nanofibers through electrospinning. Further analysis involved FTIR, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), in vitro release studies, and an ex vivo study. Clin-MIP showed strong antibacterial activity against S. aureus, with inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values of 0.39 and 6.25 \u03bcg\/mL, respectively. It significantly dropped the bacterial count from 1 \u00d7 108 to 39 \u00d7 101 CFU\/mL in vivo and has bactericidal activity within 180 min of incubation in vitro. The pharmacodynamic and histopathology studies revealed a significant decrease in infected animal skin inflammation, epidermal hypertrophy, and congestion upon treatment with Clin-MIP polyurethane nanofiber and reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines (NLRP3, TNF-\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2, and IL-6) conducive to acne healing. Consequently, the recently created Clin-MIP polyurethane nanofibrous scaffold. This innovative approach offers insight into creating materials with several uses for treating infectious wounds caused by acne.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16070947","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]],"date-time":"2024-07-18T16:51:12Z","timestamp":1721321472000},"page":"947","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Enhanced Antibacterial Activity of Clindamycin Using Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Nanoparticles Loaded with Polyurethane Nanofibrous Scaffolds for the Treatment of Acne Vulgaris"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Sammar Fathy","family":"Elhabal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Modern University for Technology and Information (MTI), Mokattam, Cairo 11571, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2522-8082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rehab","family":"Abdelmonem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Pharmacy, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Manufacturing, Misr University for Science and Technology (MUST), 6th of October City 12566, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6150-8420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rasha Mohamed","family":"El Nashar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed Fathi Mohamed","family":"Elrefai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Histology, Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa 13133, Jordan"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4930-792X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed Mohsen Elsaid","family":"Hamdan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nesreen A.","family":"Safwat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Modern University for Technology and Information (MTI), Mokattam, Cairo 11571, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mai S.","family":"Shoela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21526, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatma E.","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 11562, Egypt"},{"name":"General Medicine Practice Program, Department of Physiology, Batterjee Medical College, Jeddah 21442, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amira","family":"Rizk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Agricultural, Tanta University, Tanta City 31527, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7478-9732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soad L.","family":"Kabil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4657-5777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nagla Ahmed","family":"El-Nabarawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Egyptian Center of Environmental & Toxicological Research (NECTR), Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8477-4027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amal Anwar","family":"Taha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Manufacturing, Misr University for Science and Technology (MUST), 6th of October City 12566, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0070-1969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"El-Nabarawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S443812","article-title":"Revolutionizing Psoriasis Topical Treatment: Enhanced Efficacy through Ceramide\/Phospholipid Composite Cerosomes Co-Delivery of Cyclosporine and Dithranol: In-Vitro, Ex-Vivo, and in-Vivo Studies","volume":"19","author":"Elhabal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. 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