{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T03:45:53Z","timestamp":1790739953184,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":173,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]],"date-time":"2024-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722470400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020196","name":"Shandong Provincial Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. SDBX2022018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. SDBX2022018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020196","name":"Shandong Provincial Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. ZR2023QH335"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. ZR2023QH335"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020196","name":"Shandong Provincial Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. ZR2021MH373"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. ZR2021MH373"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020196","name":"Shandong Provincial Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. ZR2021LZY044"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. ZR2021LZY044"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020196","name":"Shandong Provincial Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. ZR2022QH072"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. ZR2022QH072"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020196","name":"Shandong Provincial Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Q-2023018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Q-2023018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020196","name":"Shandong Provincial Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["[2020] No. 3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["[2020] No. 3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020196","name":"Shandong Provincial Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. 1 (2022)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 1 (2022)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. SDBX2022018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. SDBX2022018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. ZR2023QH335"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. ZR2023QH335"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. ZR2021MH373"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. ZR2021MH373"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. ZR2021LZY044"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. ZR2021LZY044"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. ZR2022QH072"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. ZR2022QH072"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Q-2023018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Q-2023018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["[2020] No. 3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["[2020] No. 3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. 1 (2022)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 1 (2022)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Shandong Province Traditional Chinese Medicine Science and Technology Project","award":["No. SDBX2022018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. SDBX2022018"]}]},{"name":"Shandong Province Traditional Chinese Medicine Science and Technology Project","award":["No. ZR2023QH335"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. ZR2023QH335"]}]},{"name":"Shandong Province Traditional Chinese Medicine Science and Technology Project","award":["No. ZR2021MH373"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. ZR2021MH373"]}]},{"name":"Shandong Province Traditional Chinese Medicine Science and Technology Project","award":["No. ZR2021LZY044"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. ZR2021LZY044"]}]},{"name":"Shandong Province Traditional Chinese Medicine Science and Technology Project","award":["No. ZR2022QH072"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. ZR2022QH072"]}]},{"name":"Shandong Province Traditional Chinese Medicine Science and Technology Project","award":["Q-2023018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Q-2023018"]}]},{"name":"Shandong Province Traditional Chinese Medicine Science and Technology Project","award":["[2020] No. 3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["[2020] No. 3"]}]},{"name":"Shandong Province Traditional Chinese Medicine Science and Technology Project","award":["No. 1 (2022)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 1 (2022)"]}]},{"name":"Qilu Health Leading Talent Project, Lu Wei Talent Word","award":["No. SDBX2022018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. SDBX2022018"]}]},{"name":"Qilu Health Leading Talent Project, Lu Wei Talent Word","award":["No. ZR2023QH335"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. ZR2023QH335"]}]},{"name":"Qilu Health Leading Talent Project, Lu Wei Talent Word","award":["No. ZR2021MH373"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. ZR2021MH373"]}]},{"name":"Qilu Health Leading Talent Project, Lu Wei Talent Word","award":["No. ZR2021LZY044"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. ZR2021LZY044"]}]},{"name":"Qilu Health Leading Talent Project, Lu Wei Talent Word","award":["No. ZR2022QH072"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. ZR2022QH072"]}]},{"name":"Qilu Health Leading Talent Project, Lu Wei Talent Word","award":["Q-2023018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Q-2023018"]}]},{"name":"Qilu Health Leading Talent Project, Lu Wei Talent Word","award":["[2020] No. 3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["[2020] No. 3"]}]},{"name":"Qilu Health Leading Talent Project, Lu Wei Talent Word","award":["No. 1 (2022)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 1 (2022)"]}]},{"name":"the fifth batch of National Research and Training Program for Outstanding Clinical Talents of Traditional Chinese Medicine","award":["No. SDBX2022018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. SDBX2022018"]}]},{"name":"the fifth batch of National Research and Training Program for Outstanding Clinical Talents of Traditional Chinese Medicine","award":["No. ZR2023QH335"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. ZR2023QH335"]}]},{"name":"the fifth batch of National Research and Training Program for Outstanding Clinical Talents of Traditional Chinese Medicine","award":["No. ZR2021MH373"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. ZR2021MH373"]}]},{"name":"the fifth batch of National Research and Training Program for Outstanding Clinical Talents of Traditional Chinese Medicine","award":["No. ZR2021LZY044"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. ZR2021LZY044"]}]},{"name":"the fifth batch of National Research and Training Program for Outstanding Clinical Talents of Traditional Chinese Medicine","award":["No. ZR2022QH072"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. ZR2022QH072"]}]},{"name":"the fifth batch of National Research and Training Program for Outstanding Clinical Talents of Traditional Chinese Medicine","award":["Q-2023018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Q-2023018"]}]},{"name":"the fifth batch of National Research and Training Program for Outstanding Clinical Talents of Traditional Chinese Medicine","award":["[2020] No. 3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["[2020] No. 3"]}]},{"name":"the fifth batch of National Research and Training Program for Outstanding Clinical Talents of Traditional Chinese Medicine","award":["No. 1 (2022)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 1 (2022)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Skin pigmentation typically arises from the excessive secretion and accumulation of melanin, resulting in a darker complexion compared to normal skin. Currently, the local application of chemical drugs is a first-line strategy for pigmentation disorders, but the safety and efficacy of drugs still cannot meet clinical treatment needs. For long-term and safe medication, researchers have paid attention to natural products with higher biocompatibility. This article begins by examining the pathogenesis and treatment approaches of skin pigmentation diseases and summarizes the research progress and mechanism of natural products with lightening or whitening effects that are clinically common or experimentally proven. Moreover, we outline the novel formulations of natural products in treating pigmentation disorders, including liposomes, nanoparticles, microemulsions, microneedles, and tocosomes. Finally, the pharmacodynamic evaluation methods in the study of pigmentation disorder were first systematically analyzed. In brief, this review aims to collect natural products for skin pigmentation treatment and investigate their formulation design and efficacy evaluation to provide insights for the development of new products for this complex skin disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16081022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]],"date-time":"2024-08-01T11:34:20Z","timestamp":1722512060000},"page":"1022","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Mechanism, Formulation, and Efficacy Evaluation of Natural Products for Skin Pigmentation Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Xueli","family":"Peng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Qingdao Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao 266112, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuning","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of New Material Research Institute, Institute of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenxin","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing CAS Microneedle Technology, Ltd., Beijing 102609, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaocen","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of New Material Research Institute, Institute of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linlin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of New Material Research Institute, Institute of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hehe","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of New Material Research Institute, Institute of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxia","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suohui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengzhen","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of New Material Research Institute, Institute of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunhua","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qingdao Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao 266112, China"},{"name":"Beijing CAS Microneedle Technology, Ltd., Beijing 102609, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Del Bino, S., Duval, C., and Bernerd, F. (2018). Clinical and Biological Characterization of Skin Pigmentation Diversity and Its Consequences on UV Impact. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19092668"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1111\/pcmr.12986","article-title":"Management of Hyperpigmentation: Current Treatments and Emerging Therapies","volume":"34","author":"Nautiyal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pigment. Cell Melanoma Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1080\/14764172.2018.1427874","article-title":"Natural Options for Management of Melasma, a Review","volume":"20","author":"Mpofana","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Laser Ther."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1967","DOI":"10.1007\/s13555-022-00780-4","article-title":"Update on Melasma\u2014Part I: Pathogenesis","volume":"12","author":"Cassiano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7395","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.7b00967","article-title":"Inhibitors of Melanogenesis: An Updated Review","volume":"61","author":"Pillaiyar","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2022.154449","article-title":"The Melanin Inhibitory Effect of Plants and Phytochemicals: A Systematic Review","volume":"107","author":"Feng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"6796","article-title":"Screening and identification of natural inhibitors of tyrosinase from Ampelopsis grossedentata using ultra-filtration afinity-liquid chromatograpny-mass spectrometry","volume":"52","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin. Herb. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"204","article-title":"Research progress on antioxidant actions and related mechanisms of quercetin","volume":"44","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Nutr. Sin."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"4147","article-title":"Study on the effect and mechanism of resveratrol on melanogenesis in mouse melanoma cells B16","volume":"44","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mod. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferreira, A.M., de Souza, A.A., Koga, R.d.C.R., Sena, I.d.S., Matos, M.d.J.S., Tomazi, R., Ferreira, I.M., and Carvalho, J.C.T. (2023). Anti-Melanogenic Potential of Natural and Synthetic Substances: Application in Zebrafish Model. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28031053"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Liu, X., Wang, T., Zhu, P., Hu, Y., Liu, S., Zhao, R., Fan, Q., and Su, Z. (2020). Research status on animal models for melasma. Chin. J. Exp. Tradit. Med. Formulae, 200\u2013208."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.2174\/1567201817666200423083807","article-title":"Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLCs) for Drug Delivery: Role of Liquid Lipid (Oil)","volume":"18","author":"Shegokar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"1386","article-title":"Curcumin solid lipid nanoparticles and microcapsules: Comparative study on preparation, characterization and pharmacokinetics","volume":"54","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin. Herb. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"62","article-title":"Preparation and in vitro evaluation of a novel ionic liquid microemulsion of glycyrrhizic acid","volume":"54","author":"Yan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin. Herb. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2021.120406","article-title":"Novel Dissolving Microneedles Preparation for Synergistic Melasma Therapy: Combined Effects of Tranexamic Acid and Licorice Extract","volume":"600","author":"Xing","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.36849\/JDD.2020.4776","article-title":"The Use of Botanical Extracts in East Asia for Treatment of Hyperpigmentation: An Evidenced-Based Review","volume":"19","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Drugs Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4066","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms10094066","article-title":"Mechanisms Regulating Skin Pigmentation: The Rise and Fall of Complexion Coloration","volume":"10","author":"Ebanks","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duval, C., Cohen, C., Chagnoleau, C., Flouret, V., Bourreau, E., and Bernerd, F. (2014). Key Regulatory Role of Dermal Fibroblasts in Pigmentation as Demonstrated Using a Reconstructed Skin Model: Impact of Photo-Aging. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0114182"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.13059","article-title":"Risk Factors for Facial Melasma in Women: A Case\u2013Control Study","volume":"171","author":"Handel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.29","article-title":"Physiological Factors That Regulate Skin Pigmentation","volume":"35","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"2009","journal-title":"BioFactors"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icab078","article-title":"Melanosome Biogenesis in the Pigmentation of Mammalian Skin","volume":"61","author":"Le","year":"2021","journal-title":"Integr. Comp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0749.2001.140402.x","article-title":"Keratinocyte-Melanocyte Interactions During Melanosome Transfer: Melanosome Transfer","volume":"14","author":"Seiberg","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pigment Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2000.00035.x","article-title":"Inhibition of Melanosome Transfer Results in Skin Lightening1","volume":"115","author":"Seiberg","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.2007.00238.x","article-title":"Chemistry of Mixed Melanogenesis\u2014Pivotal Roles of Dopaquinone","volume":"84","author":"Ito","year":"2008","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2010.03.023","article-title":"Signaling Pathways in Melanosome Biogenesis and Pathology","volume":"42","author":"Schiaffino","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.1007\/s13555-022-00780-4","article-title":"Update on Melasma\u2014Part II: Treatment","volume":"12","author":"Cassiano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"123","article-title":"The Guide for Topical Use of Skin Lightening Cosmetics in the Treatment of Melasma","volume":"36","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. J. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1080\/14756366.2018.1545767","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review on Tyrosinase Inhibitors","volume":"34","author":"Zolghadri","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Enzym. Inhib. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2565","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5700340","article-title":"Oxidative Stress in the Pathogenesis of Skin Disease","volume":"126","author":"Bickers","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1080\/1061186X.2020.1870987","article-title":"The Relevant Targets of Anti-Oxidative Stress: A Review","volume":"29","author":"Qi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Drug Target."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.13695","article-title":"Role of Oxidative Stress in Melasma: A Prospective Study on Serum and Blood Markers of Oxidative Stress in Melasma Patients","volume":"56","author":"Choubey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.14827","article-title":"Melatonin and Oxidative Stress in Melasma\u2014An Unexplored Territory; A Prospective Study","volume":"59","author":"Sarkar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, F., Qu, L., Li, H., He, J., Wang, L., Fang, Y., Yan, X., Yang, Q., Peng, B., and Wu, W. (2022). Advances in Biomedical Functions of Natural Whitening Substances in the Treatment of Skin Pigmentation Diseases. Pharmaceutics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14112308"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nahar, L., Al-Groshi, A., Kumar, A., and Sarker, S.D. (2022). Arbutin: Occurrence in Plants, and Its Potential as an Anticancer Agent. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27248786"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"529","article-title":"Progress in development of three kinds of arbutin product","volume":"45","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"China Surfactant Deterg. Cosmet."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"6","article-title":"Research of effect of arbutin on chloasma in guinea pigs and mechanism","volume":"28","author":"He","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. J. Mod. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"370","article-title":"Whitening effect of a-arbutin and deoxyarbutin and safety evaluation: A review of recent studies","volume":"35","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.27.510","article-title":"Inhibitory Effects of A-Arbutin on Melanin Synthesis in Cultured Human Melanoma Cells and a Three-Dimensional Human Skin Model","volume":"27","author":"Sugimoto","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"503","article-title":"Effects of azela ic acida on melan in synthesis of human melanocyte and mouse B16 melanoma cells in vitrio","volume":"41","author":"Ma","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Univ. Med. Anhui"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-199141050-00007","article-title":"Azelaic Acid: A Review of Its Pharmacological Properties and Therapeutic Efficacy in Acne and Hyperpigmentary Skin Disorders","volume":"41","author":"Fitton","year":"1991","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"20","article-title":"Effects of Azelaic Acid on Sebaceous Gland, Sebum Excretion Rate and Keratinization Pattern in Human Skin. An in Vivo and in Vitro Study","volume":"143","author":"Gollnick","year":"1989","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"36","article-title":"Research on whitening effect of supramolecular azelaic acid on zebrafish model","volume":"45","author":"Peng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dly. Chem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1080\/03639045.2019.1569032","article-title":"Azelaic Acid-Loaded Nanoemulsion with Hyaluronic Acid\u2014A New Strategy to Treat Hyperpigmentary Skin Disorders","volume":"45","author":"Berlitz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcme.2014.10.006","article-title":"Evaluation of Biological Properties and Clinical Effectiveness of Aloe Vera: A Systematic Review","volume":"5","author":"Radha","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Tradit. Complement. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez, M., Gonz\u00e1lez-Burgos, E., Iglesias, I., and G\u00f3mez-Serranillos, M.P. (2020). Pharmacological Update Properties of Aloe Vera and Its Major Active Constituents. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25061324"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104828","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2021.104828","article-title":"Anti-Tyrosinase Activity of South African Aloe Species and Isolated Compounds Plicataloside and Aloesin","volume":"150","author":"Mikayoulou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"114","article-title":"Effects of Seven Compounds from Aloe barbadensis Mill on Activities of Mushroom Tyrosinase","volume":"24","author":"Zhong","year":"2013","journal-title":"New Chin. Med. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wahab, S., Annadurai, S., Abullais, S.S., Das, G., Ahmad, W., Ahmad, M.F., Kandasamy, G., Vasudevan, R., Ali, M.S., and Amir, M. (2021). Glycyrrhiza Glabra (Licorice): A Comprehensive Review on Its Phytochemistry, Biological Activities, Clinical Evidence and Toxicology. Plants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10122751"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S385981","article-title":"Review on the Diverse Biological Effects of Glabridin","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Drug Des. Dev. Ther."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"2035","article-title":"Evaluation of synergistic treatment of chloasma with glabridin and oxyresveratrol","volume":"37","author":"Ding","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fine Chem. Ind."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2018.01.054","article-title":"Preparation, Characterization, and Optimization of Auraptene-Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles as a Natural Anti-Inflammatory Agent: In Vivo and in Vitro Evaluations","volume":"164","author":"Daneshmand","year":"2018","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.1080\/01635581.2021.1962922","article-title":"Antibacterial, Antioxidant and Melanogenesis Inhibitory Activity of Auraptene, a Coumarin from Ferula Szowitsiana Root","volume":"74","author":"Charmforoshan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutr. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1080\/14764172.2018.1469767","article-title":"Resveratrol as an Active Ingredient for Cosmetic and Dermatological Applications: A Review","volume":"21","author":"Arct","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Laser Ther."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.4062\/biomolther.2013.081","article-title":"Inhibitory Effects of Resveratrol on Melanin Synthesis in Ultraviolet B-Induced Pigmentation in Guinea Pig Skin","volume":"22","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"42","article-title":"Research Progress of Bioactive Compounds in Pomelo Peel","volume":"43","author":"Yao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin. Fruit Veg."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeon, H.-J., Kim, K., Kim, C., Kim, M.-J., Kim, T.-O., and Lee, S.-E. (2021). Molecular Mechanisms of Anti-Melanogenic Gedunin Derived from Neem Tree (Azadirachta Indica) Using B16F10 Mouse Melanoma Cells and Early-Stage Zebrafish. Plants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10020330"},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"1138","article-title":"The pharmacological effects and current situation of clinical application of Astragalus and its effective components","volume":"42","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Shaanxi Tradit. Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tayier, N., Qin, N.-Y., Zhao, L.-N., Zeng, Y., Wang, Y., Hu, G., and Wang, Y.-Q. (2021). Theoretical Exploring of a Molecular Mechanism for Melanin Inhibitory Activity of Calycosin in Zebrafish. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26226998"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"2591","article-title":"Research progress on chemical compositions and pharmacological effects of Inulae Flos","volume":"45","author":"Niu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Eval. Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4451","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2021.1983812","article-title":"Antimelanogenic Activity of Patuletin from Inula Japonica Flowers in B16F10 Melanoma Cells and Zebrafish Embryos","volume":"36","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2022.10.008","article-title":"Potential of Curcumin nanoemulsion as antimicrobial and wound healing agent in burn wound infection","volume":"49","author":"Kumari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Burns"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeon, H.-J., Kim, K., Kim, C., and Lee, S.-E. (2023). Antimelanogenic Effects of Curcumin and Its Dimethoxy Derivatives: Mechanistic Investigation Using B16F10 Melanoma Cells and Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Embryos. Foods, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12050926"},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"37","article-title":"Primary Study on the Biological Activities of Hibiscus Fower","volume":"3","author":"Jin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chin. J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2018.12.020","article-title":"Dietary Enzyme-Treated Hibiscus Syriacus L. Protects Skin against Chronic UVB-Induced Photoaging via Enhancement of Skin Hydration and Collagen Synthesis","volume":"662","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karunarathne, W.A.H.M., Molagoda, I.M.N., Park, S.R., Kim, J.W., Lee, O.-K., Kwon, H.Y., Oren, M., Choi, Y.H., Ryu, H.W., and Oh, S.-R. (2019). Anthocyanins from Hibiscus Syriacus L. Inhibit Melanogenesis by Activating the ERK Signaling Pathway. Biomolecules, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom9110645"},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"4295","article-title":"Advances in pharmacological effects of jujuboside B","volume":"48","author":"Dong","year":"2023","journal-title":"China J. Chin. Mater. Medica"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Molagoda, I.M.N., Lee, K.-T., Athapaththu, A.M.G.K., Choi, Y.-H., Hwang, J., Sim, S.-J., Kang, S., and Kim, G.-Y. (2021). Flavonoid Glycosides from Ziziphus Jujuba Var. Inermis (Bunge) Rehder Seeds Inhibit \u03b1-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone-Mediated Melanogenesis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22147701"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2022.175231","article-title":"Pterostilbene Inhibits Melanogenesis, Melanocyte Dendricity and Melanosome Transport through cAMP\/PKA\/CREB Pathway","volume":"932","author":"An","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hseu, Y.-C., Vudhya Gowrisankar, Y., Wang, L.-W., Zhang, Y.-Z., Chen, X.-Z., Huang, P.-J., Yen, H.-R., and Yang, H.-L. (2021). The in Vitro and in Vivo Depigmenting Activity of Pterostilbene through Induction of Autophagy in Melanocytes and Inhibition of UVA-Irradiated \u03b1-MSH in Keratinocytes via Nrf2-Mediated Antioxidant Pathways. Redox Biol., 44.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2021.102007"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2289","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612826666201020163331","article-title":"Ferulic Acid Activity in Topical Formulations: Technological and Scientific Prospecting","volume":"27","author":"Cavalcanti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stompor-Gor\u0105cy, M., and Machaczka, M. (2021). Recent Advances in Biological Activity, New Formulations and Prodrugs of Ferulic Acid. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222312889"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ju, L., Wen, X., Wang, C., Wei, Y., Peng, Y., Ding, Y., Feng, L., Shu, L., and Salidroside, A. (2017). Natural Antioxidant, Improves \u03b2-Cell Survival and Function via Activating AMPK Pathway. Front. Pharmacol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2017.00749"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2013.04.015","article-title":"Inhibitory Effects of Salidroside and Paeonol on Tyrosinase Activity and Melanin Synthesis in Mouse B16F10 Melanoma Cells and Ultraviolet B-Induced Pigmentation in Guinea Pig Skin","volume":"20","author":"Peng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.30.1052","article-title":"Antimelanogenic and Antioxidant Properties of Gallic Acid","volume":"30","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20443","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms141020443","article-title":"Inhibition of Melanogenesis by Gallic Acid: Possible Involvement of the PI3K\/Akt, MEK\/ERK and Wnt\/\u03b2-Catenin Signaling Pathways in B16F10 Cells","volume":"14","author":"Su","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahmoud, Y.K., and Abdelrazek, H.M.A. (2019). Cancer: Thymoquinone Antioxidant\/pro-Oxidant Effect as Potential Anticancer Remedy. Biomed. Pharmacother., 115.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2019.108783"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1080\/02772248.2013.764672","article-title":"The role of thymoquinone as antioxidant protection on oxidative stress induced by imidacloprid in male and female Swiss albino mice","volume":"95","author":"Ince","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxicol. Environ. Chem."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2012.09.003","article-title":"Thymoquinone attenuates cypermethrin induced oxidative stress in Swiss albino mice","volume":"104","author":"Ince","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pestic. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.3095","article-title":"p-Coumaric Acid Not Only Inhibits Human Tyrosinase Activity in Vitro but Also Melanogenesis in Cells Exposed to UVB","volume":"24","author":"An","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.2174\/1389557519666190116101039","article-title":"Natural Tyrosinase Inhibitors: Role of Herbals in the Treatment of Hyperpigmentary Disorders","volume":"19","author":"Zaidi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mini Rev. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Nashar, H.A.S., El-Din, M.I.G., Hritcu, L., and Eldahshan, O.A. (2021). Insights on the Inhibitory Power of Flavonoids on Tyrosinase Activity: A Survey from 2016 to 2021. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26247546"},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"254","article-title":"Synthesis of transdermal aloesin loaded zinc oxide nanoparticles and its inhibitory effect on the activity of tyrosinase","volume":"36","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"2556","article-title":"Study on Ultrasonic Extraction Technology and Antioxidant Activity of Bletillastriata Polysaccharides Extraction Process","volume":"15","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Tradit. Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"48","article-title":"Study on extraction technology and antioxidative activity of polysaccharides and triterpenoids from peel of Poria cocos","volume":"32","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7330","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.27492","article-title":"Ganoderma Lucidum Polysaccharide Inhibits UVB-Induced Melanogenesis by Antagonizing cAMP\/PKA and ROS\/MAPK Signaling Pathways","volume":"234","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5007","DOI":"10.1039\/C8FO01267A","article-title":"Effect of Polysaccharide FMP-1 from Morchella Esculenta on Melanogenesis in B16F10 Cells and Zebrafish","volume":"9","author":"Cai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., Chen, C., Leng, A., and Qu, J. (2021). Advances in the Extraction, Purification, Structural Characteristics and Biological Activities of Eleutherococcus Senticosus Polysaccharides: A Promising Medicinal and Edible Resource with Development Value. Front. Pharmacol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.753007"},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"37","article-title":"Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of total flavonoids extracted from Selaginella pulvinata (Hook, et Grev.) Maxim","volume":"38","author":"Zheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Ind. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"472","article-title":"Advance in research of total flavonoids from Selaginella tamariscina","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2011.11.106","article-title":"Quantitative Determination of Major Polyphenol Constituents in Pomegranate Products","volume":"132","author":"Qu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2021.174458","article-title":"Salicylic Acid in Ginseng Root Alleviates Skin Hyperpigmentation Disorders by Inhibiting Melanogenesis and Melanosome Transport","volume":"910","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1002\/bab.2166","article-title":"Evaluation of Antityrosinase Activity and Mechanism, Antioxidation, and UV Filter Properties of Theaflavin","volume":"69","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.1c00971","article-title":"Selaginellin Inhibits Melanogenesis via the MAPK Signaling Pathway","volume":"85","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_94","unstructured":"Lee, H.J. (2018). Pharmacological Properties Oft Anshinones, the Natural Products from Salviamiltiorrhiza. BMC Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodrigues, C.V., and Pintado, M. (2024). Hesperidin from Orange Peel as a Promising Skincare Bioactive: An Overview. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25031890"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, J., Yin, Z., Yu, N., Ou, S., Wang, X., Li, H., and Zhu, H. (2023). Tanshinone Alleviates UVA-Induced Melanogenesis in Melanocytes via the Nrf2-Regulated Antioxidant Defense Signaling Pathway. Curr. Mol. Med., 24.","DOI":"10.2174\/0115665240263196230920161019"},{"key":"ref_97","first-page":"171","article-title":"Comprehensive Extraction and Antioxidant Activity Research of Polysaccharides and Flavonoids from Ginkgo biloba Leaf Residue","volume":"52","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Henan Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kazi, M.A., Sahito, R., Abbas, Q., Ullah, S., Majid, A., Phull, A.R., Rahman, M.M., and Kim, S.J. (2022). The Inhibitory Effect of Polyphenon 60 from Green Tea on Melanin and Tyrosinase in Zebrafish and A375 Human Melanoma Cells. Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med., 7739023.","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/7739023"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Je, J.-G., Jiang, Y., Heo, J.-H., Li, X., Jeon, Y.-J., and Ryu, B.-M. (2022). Mitigative Effects of PFF-A Isolated from Ecklonia Cava on Pigmentation in a Zebrafish Model and Melanogenesis in B16F10 Cells. Mar. Drugs, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/md20020123"},{"key":"ref_100","first-page":"136","article-title":"Optimization of Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of Polyphenols from Pomegranate Root Bark and Its Antioxidant Capacity","volume":"40","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Ind. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_101","first-page":"133","article-title":"Comparative study on flavonoids content and antioxidant activity of 23 kinds of Citrus reticulata Blanco peels","volume":"14","author":"Bai","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Food Saf. Qual. Insp."},{"key":"ref_102","first-page":"347","article-title":"Phenolic Ketone Contents and Antioxidant, Antibacterial Properties and Inhibitory Tyrosinase Activity of the Ethyl Acetate Extracted from Calendula officinalis L.","volume":"44","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. Syst. Agric. Sci. Andtechnol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohd Sakeh, N., Md Razip, N.N., Mohd Ma\u2019in, F.I., Abdul Bahari, M.N., Latif, N., Akhtar, M.N., Balia Yusof, Z.N., and Ahmad, S. (2020). Melanogenic Inhibition and Toxicity Assessment of Flavokawain A and B on B16\/F10 Melanoma Cells and Zebrafish (Danio Rerio). Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25153403"},{"key":"ref_104","unstructured":"Pavic, A., Ilic-Tomic, T., and Glamo\u010dlija, J. (2021). Melanogenic Inhibition and Toxicity Assessment of Flavokawain A and B on B16\/F10 Melanoma Cells and Zebrafish (Danio Rerio). J. Fungi, 7."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, C.-Y., Liu, I.-H., Huang, X.-Z., Chen, H.-J., Chang, S.-T., Chang, M.-L., Ho, Y.-T., and Chang, H.-T. (2021). Antimelanogenesis Effects of Leaf Extract and Phytochemicals from Ceylon Olive (Elaeocarpus serratus) in Zebrafish Model. Pharmaceutics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13071059"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3216","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.1176","article-title":"Nanoemulsified Adlay Bran Oil Reduces Tyrosinase Activity and Melanin Synthesis in B16F10 Cells and Zebrafish","volume":"7","author":"Ting","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.4103\/1735-5362.297852","article-title":"Modified Riceberry Rice Extract Suppresses Melanogenesis-Associated Cell Differentiation through Tyrosinase-Mediated MITF Downregulation on B16 Cells and in Vivo Zebrafish Embryos","volume":"15","author":"Rodboon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Res. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-7847.65322","article-title":"Importance of Novel Drug Delivery Systems in Herbal Medicines","volume":"4","author":"Jain","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharmacogn. Rev."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2020.02.002","article-title":"Topical Treatment Strategies to Manipulate Human Skin Pigmentation","volume":"153","author":"Rachmin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1987","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S104701","article-title":"Current Application of Phytocompound-Based Nanocosmeceuticals for Beauty and Skin Therapy","volume":"11","author":"Ganesan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thi, T.T.H., Suys, E.J.A., Lee, J.S., Nguyen, D.H., Park, K.D., and Truong, N.P. (2021). Lipid-Based Nanoparticles in the Clinic and Clinical Trials: From Cancer Nanomedicine to COVID-19 Vaccines. Vaccines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9040359"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2023.103614","article-title":"Prospects and Challenges of Synergistic Effect of Fluorescent Carbon Dots, Liposomes and Nanoliposomes for Theragnostic Applications","volume":"42","author":"Faghihi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114097","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2021.114097","article-title":"Oral Delivery of Therapeutic Peptides and Proteins: Technology Landscape of Lipid-Based Nanocarriers","volume":"182","author":"Haddadzadegan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-023-00800-x","article-title":"Unraveling Effects of Anti-Aging Drugs on C. Elegans Using Liposomes","volume":"45","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"GeroScience"},{"key":"ref_115","unstructured":"Mozafari, M.R. (2005). Liposomes: An overview of manufacturing techniques. Cell. Mol. Biol. Lett., 10."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2006.12.005","article-title":"Lipid Vesicles for Skin Delivery of Drugs: Reviewing Three Decades of Research","volume":"332","author":"Elsayed","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.34172\/apb.2023.062","article-title":"Drug Delivery of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs) and Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLCs) to Target Brain Tumors","volume":"13","author":"Mehrdadi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2022.121617","article-title":"Advanced Drug Delivery Systems Containing Herbal Components for Wound Healing","volume":"617","author":"Gorain","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piccinino, D., Capecchi, E., Tomaino, E., Gabellone, S., Gigli, V., Avitabile, D., and Saladino, R. (2021). Nano-Structured Lignin as Green Antioxidant and UV Shielding Ingredient for Sunscreen Applications. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10020274"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2012.09.005","article-title":"Evaluation of Drug and Sunscreen Permeation via Skin Irradiated with UVA and UVB: Comparisons of Normal Skin and Chronologically Aged Skin","volume":"68","author":"Hung","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2015.10.016","article-title":"The Effects of Quercetin-Loaded PLGA-TPGS Nanoparticles on Ultraviolet B-Induced Skin Damages in Vivo","volume":"12","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nanomed. Nanotechnol. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2019.118787","article-title":"Nanotechnological Breakthroughs in the Development of Topical Phytocompounds-Based Formulations","volume":"572","author":"Santos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2018.10.017","article-title":"Solid Lipid Nanoparticles and Nanostructured Lipid Carriers: A Review Emphasizing on Particle Structure and Drug Release","volume":"133","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1080\/10837450.2022.2084554","article-title":"Solid Lipid Nanoparticles and Nanostructured Lipid Carriers: A Review of the Methods of Manufacture and Routes of Administration","volume":"27","author":"Akbari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharm. Dev. Technol."},{"key":"ref_125","first-page":"623","article-title":"Preparation of Resveratrol-Nanostructured Lipid Carrier and Evaluation of in vitro Antioxidant Activity","volume":"40","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bull. Bot. Res."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Radmard, A., Saeedi, M., Morteza-Semnani, K., Hashemi, S.M.H., and Nokhodchi, A. (2021). An Eco-Friendly and Green Formulation in Lipid Nanotechnology for Delivery of a Hydrophilic Agent to the Skin in the Treatment and Management of Hyperpigmentation Complaints: Arbutin Niosome (Arbusome). Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces, 201.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2021.111616"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2013.07.031","article-title":"Nano-Transfersomes as a Novel Carrier for Transdermal Delivery","volume":"454","author":"Chaudhary","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-023-02670-8","article-title":"Transfersome, an Ultra-Deformable Lipid-Based Drug Nanocarrier: An Updated Review with Therapeutic Applications","volume":"397","author":"Simrah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedeberg\u2019s Arch. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1080\/10717544.2016.1228718","article-title":"Skin Delivery of Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate (EGCG) and Hyaluronic Acid Loaded Nano-Transfersomes for Antioxidant and Anti-Aging Effects in UV Radiation Induced Skin Damage","volume":"24","author":"Avadhani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tartaro, G., Mateos, H., Schirone, D., Angelico, R., and Palazzo, G. (2020). Microemulsion Microstructure(s): A Tutorial Review. Nanomaterials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10091657"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nikolaev, B., Yakovleva, L., Fedorov, V., Li, H., Gao, H., and Shevtsov, M. (2023). Nano- and Microemulsions in Biomedicine: From Theory to Practice. Pharmaceutics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15071989"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Souto, E.B., Cano, A., Martins-Gomes, C., Coutinho, T.E., Zieli\u0144ska, A., and Silva, A.M. (2022). Microemulsions and Nanoemulsions in Skin Drug Delivery. Bioengineering, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering9040158"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3097","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-017-0798-x","article-title":"Preparation of Essential Oil-Based Microemulsions for Improving the Solubility, pH Stability, Photostability, and Skin Permeation of Quercetin","volume":"18","author":"Lv","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aaps Pharmscitech"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4813","DOI":"10.1039\/C9TB02924A","article-title":"Gold Nanoparticle-Conjugated Nanomedicine: Design, Construction, and Structure\u2013Efficacy Relationship Studies","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R\u00f3nav\u00e1ri, A., Igaz, N., Adamecz, D.I., Szerencs\u00e9s, B., Molnar, C., K\u00f3nya, Z., Pfeiffer, I., and Kiricsi, M. (2021). Green Silver and Gold Nanoparticles: Biological Synthesis Approaches and Potentials for Biomedical Applications. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26040844"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-019-01164-7","article-title":"Synthesis of Arbutin-Gold Nanoparticle Complexes and Their Enhanced Performance for Whitening","volume":"42","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, L., Liu, Y., Yu, H., Li, Z., Lin, H., Wu, F., Tan, L., Wang, C., Li, P., and Liu, J. (2022). Comprehensive Phytochemicals Analysis and Anti-myocardial Ischemia Activity of Total Saponins of American Ginseng Berry. J. Food Biochem., 46.","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.14042"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S118373","article-title":"Ginseng-Berry-Mediated Gold and Silver Nanoparticle Synthesis and Evaluation of Their in Vitro Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Cytotoxicity Effects on Human Dermal Fibroblast and Murine Melanoma Skin Cell Lines","volume":"12","author":"Mathiyalagan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.13571","article-title":"Clinical Efficacy of Dissolvable Microneedles Armed with Anti-Melanogenic Compounds to Counter Hyperpigmentation","volume":"20","author":"Avcil","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.10.078","article-title":"Microneedles: A Smart Approach and Increasing Potential for Transdermal Drug Delivery System","volume":"109","author":"Waghule","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_141","first-page":"2550","article-title":"Research progress on traditional Chinese medicine percutaneous microneedle preparation","volume":"53","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. Herb. Med."},{"key":"ref_142","first-page":"449","article-title":"Research progress on the physiological activity and application of ferulic acid and its derivatives","volume":"37","author":"Liang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_143","first-page":"4773","article-title":"Studies on transdermal delivery of ferulic acid through rat skin treated by microneedle arrays","volume":"39","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chin. J. Tradit. Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2017.06.037","article-title":"Tocosome: Novel Drug Delivery System Containing Phospholipids and Tocopheryl Phosphates","volume":"528","author":"Mozafari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.2174\/1567201819666220324092933","article-title":"Functionalized Nanostructured Bioactive Carriers: Nanoliposomes, Quantum Dots, Tocosome, and Theranostic Approach","volume":"19","author":"Mehrarya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1080\/08982104.2019.1593450","article-title":"Double-loaded liposomes encapsulating lycopene \u03b2-cyclodextrin complexes: Preparation, optimization, and evaluation","volume":"30","author":"Jhan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Liposome Res."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3307","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-017-0818-x","article-title":"Potential Application of Nanoemulsions for Skin Delivery of Pomegranate Peel Polyphenols","volume":"18","author":"Baccarin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aaps Pharmscitech"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4583","DOI":"10.1039\/D3BM00132F","article-title":"Fabrication of Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone-K90\/Eudragit RL100-Based Dissolving Microneedle Patches Loaded with Alpha-Arbutin and Resveratrol for Skin Depigmentation","volume":"11","author":"Aung","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_149","first-page":"455","article-title":"The development of glabridin-loaded sustained microneedles and the evaluation of drug release in vitro and in vivo","volume":"31","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. J. New Drugs"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-019-1599-1","article-title":"HPMC\/PVP dissolving microneedles: A promising delivery platform to promote trans-epidermal delivery of alpha-arbutin for skin lightening","volume":"21","author":"Aung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aaps Pharmscitech"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2023.01.005","article-title":"Derivation and Use of Cell Lines from Mouse Models of Melanoma","volume":"143","author":"Aktary","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_152","first-page":"21","article-title":"Whitening efficacy assessment for cosmetic materials in animal model","volume":"23","author":"Qin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chin. J. Comp. Med."},{"key":"ref_153","first-page":"2480","article-title":"Visualization Analysis of Research Status and Trends of Melasma Treated by Chinese Medicine in Recent 20 Years Based on Citespace","volume":"35","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Tradit. Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_154","unstructured":"Feng, N., and Zhu, Q. (2019). Transdermal administration of traditional Chinese medicine and functional cosmetics [M]. China Med. Sci. Technol. Press, 45\u201371."},{"key":"ref_155","first-page":"178","article-title":"Botanical cosmetic ingredient (I) Research and development of tyrosinase inhibitors from plant extracts in skin whitening","volume":"51","author":"Ren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dly. Chem. Ind."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153876","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153876","article-title":"Attenuation of in Vitro and in Vivo Melanin Synthesis Using a Chinese Herbal Medicine through the Inhibition of Tyrosinase Activity","volume":"95","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2017.11.004","article-title":"A Novel Anti-Melanogenic Agent, KDZ-001, Inhibits Tyrosinase Enzymatic Activity","volume":"89","author":"Hwang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1080\/14756366.2016.1256882","article-title":"Skin Whitening Agents: Medicinal Chemistry Perspective of Tyrosinase Inhibitors","volume":"32","author":"Pillaiyar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Enzym. Inhib. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13428","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.0c00994","article-title":"Advances in the Design of Genuine Human Tyrosinase Inhibitors for Targeting Melanogenesis and Related Pigmentations","volume":"63","author":"Roulier","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2022.114525","article-title":"Azole Inhibitors of Mushroom and Human Tyrosinases: Current Advances and Prospects of Drug Development for Melanogenic Dermatological Disorders","volume":"239","author":"Ghani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chemistry"},{"key":"ref_161","first-page":"817","article-title":"Botanical cosmetic ingredients (V) Research and development of plant antioxidants","volume":"51","author":"Ren","year":"2019","journal-title":"China Surfactant Deterg. Cosmet."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2703","DOI":"10.1039\/D2AN00588C","article-title":"Inhibition Mechanism of Melanin Formation Based on Antioxidant Scavenging of Reactive Oxygen Species","volume":"147","author":"Fu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_163","first-page":"295","article-title":"Review of anti-oxidative evaluation methods for catechins and therapeutic mechanism of catechins","volume":"27","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tradit. Chin. Drug Res. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.3109\/10715762.2014.996146","article-title":"Advantages and Limitations of Common Testing Methods for Antioxidants","volume":"49","author":"Amorati","year":"2015","journal-title":"Free Radic. Res."},{"key":"ref_165","first-page":"1375","article-title":"Whitening Efficacy of Bamboo Leaf Flavonoids Nanoparticles Based on B16 Melanoma Cell Evaluation System","volume":"33","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fine Chem. Ind."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-020-0291-4","article-title":"Ethanol Extract of Ophiorrhiza Pumila Suppresses Liver Cancer Cell Proliferation and Migration","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e774","DOI":"10.1002\/cpz1.774","article-title":"Isolation, Culture, and Transfection of Melanocytes","volume":"3","author":"Goff","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lajis, A.F.B. (2018). A Zebrafish Embryo as an Animal Model for the Treatment of Hyperpigmentation in Cosmetic Dermatology Medicine. Medicina, 54.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina54030035"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neuffer, S.J., and Cooper, C.D. (2022). Zebrafish Syndromic Albinism Models as Tools for Understanding and Treating Pigment Cell Disease in Humans. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14071752"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1111\/dgd.12564","article-title":"Melanophore Multinucleation Pathways in Zebrafish","volume":"60","author":"Usui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev. Growth Differ."},{"key":"ref_171","first-page":"54","article-title":"Preparation and reflection on animal models of melasma","volume":"31","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin. J. Comp. Med."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.2016.155","article-title":"Mouse Models of UV-Induced Melanoma: Genetics, Pathology, and Clinical Relevance","volume":"97","author":"Day","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lab. Investig."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1111\/pcmr.12911","article-title":"Establishment of a Mouse Model for Post-inflammatory Hyperpigmentation","volume":"34","author":"Nakano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pigment Cell Melanoma Res."}],"container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/16\/8\/1022\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:28:00Z","timestamp":1760110080000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/16\/8\/1022"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]]},"references-count":173,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["pharmaceutics16081022"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics16081022","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4923"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4923","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]]}}}